Death of a beautiful mind: John Nash

Thanks to the pioneering efforts of Sylvia Nasar, Ron Howard and Russell Crowe who epitomised the life and achievements of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recipient John Forbes Nash Jr of Princeton University, people across the World are aware of the phenomenal contributions of the greatest Mathematician of our times. John Nash and his wife Alicia were killed on May 23th when the cab they were riding lost control and hit the guard rail at the New Jersey Turnpike. Sylvia Nasar, a German born American Journalist authored a biography titled “A Beautiful Mind” of John Nash bringing into light his personality, motivation and the stresses placed on his professional and personal relationships due to his acute mental illness. The book was subsequently made into a movie by Ron Howard under the same title with the lead role played by Russell Crowe.

The Nashes were returning from Norway after receiving the Abel Prize, instituted by the Government of Norway after the Norwegian Mathematician Niels Henrick Abel in 2001. Described as Mathematician’s Nobel, John Nash was awarded the prize for his work on “non linear partial differential equations (he shared with Louis Nirenberg of New York University). John Nash made an entry into the Annals of Global Geniuses as a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics way back in 1994 for his work on Game Theory along with economists John C Harsanyi of University of California at Berkeley and Reinhard Selten of Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Germany.

Game theory revolutionised the field of economics of industrial organisation with its scope of applications. Just as the demand-supply theory of yester years without which economics was considered incomplete, game theory has taken the world astride with its implications in theory of monetary policy and international trade. No student of economics can aim to graduate without learning the rudimentary details of the Game theory. Until the emergence of game theory economists assumed that firms could ignore the effects of their behaviour on the actions of others. It might be true when the markets are perfectly competitive and when monopolists hold the sway. But this assumption might be wrong when few firms dominate the industry. A price roll back or building of a new plant by a firm can affect how rivals behave. Besides the industrial policy it has implications in international trade, where some countries may impose trade sanctions on others in an attempt to prise open protected markets. Similarly even a football coach plans his attacks taking into account the response of the defenders. Game theory is nowadays very popular among the political scientists, evolutionary biology and government regulators who use it as an intellectual tool to organise thoughts systematically, apply them in consistent way by ruling out errors.

Game theory is the branch of Mathematics fathered by John Von Neumann in 1944 and honed by economist Oskar Morgenstern who initially concentrated on “Zero-Sum” games where one player’s gain is another’s loss. But real life interactions are more complicated. Nash lifted these constraints and unleashed the game theory potential. In early 1950 he developed compelling equations contained in his 27-page doctoral thesis, he wrote when he was 21  provided an analysis of how each player can maximise his benefits assuming that players would act to maximize their self-interests. A Nash Equilibrium occurs when no player wants to change their strategy even after having full knowledge of strategies of other players. In spite of the insights provided by the game theory, economists of wary of it partly because it is full of tricky mathematics. Game theory helps in understanding the intricate underlying strategic interdependencies and producing ever more refined concepts of equilibrium but less adept at giving advices to governments and firms.

While elucidating the life and accomplishments of John Nash, Mathematician Sylvian Chappell of New York University enunciated that every generation offers a small group of geniuses who commit themselves to pushing the boundaries of what is illuminated by knowledge into the darkness of what is yet-to-be-known. There are three types of people working on the boundaries. One is the scientist who mines the edges finding nuggets, polishing them into proofs with little care towards their application and hands them over to second group of innovators who finds ingenious ways to use them. The third group are described as “paratroopers”, who descend behind the boundaries in the darkness and fight their way back into the light and then share the learning. Nash is one such courageous geniuses “fearless and willing to risk everything to hurl himself into the unknown in search of elegant new discoveries”.

Nash is rare combination of genius and hard work. Besides his phenomenal work in understanding the game theory his equations developed in pure maths are indispensable to analyse the abstract geometric objects such as “sub manifolds of Euclidean Space”. Engineers can’t imagine to work without these equations which help in understanding how fluids flow, chemical react and gravity pulls. But as his career continued to flourish, he was bogged down for his erratic behaviour following his relationship with several men. As a result the illustrious Putnam Competition and Field’s Medal eluded him. His brilliance soon turned into scourge as he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia in 1959. By then his wife Alicia Nash married for two years and pregnant supported him. But following a rough ride, they divorced in 1963. Even then his wife continued to support. Post 1959 till 1970 Nash didn’t hold any post. With growing popularity of Game theory, Nash’s work was cited more frequently than ever. By 1990 Nobel Committee started contemplating on recognising his work. But his illness acted as a deterrent later by the persistent persuasions of Nobel Committee by his colleagues like Dr. Kuhn Nash was considered for the prestigious prize. Later as the spectacular accomplishments of Nash became public after the release of his biography “A Beautiful Mind” followed by his biopic the mathematical genius received a new lease for life. Fondly referred to as Phantom of Fine Hall in Princeton University, with his untimely death the world has lost “a man with a long history of achievements and the one who waged an incredible battle with mental illness”. 

 

 

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Discerning Modi’s government first year in power

Perhaps for the first time in the history of independent India the performance of an elected Prime Minister in the first year of power has been so diligently scrutinised. Almost every media firm/ news agency in India is replete with columns guest articles commemorating the one year of Modi government. Even social networking is buzzing with interesting discussions about the same. The proactive involvement of people and intellectuals is really humbling. It reminds of the new wave of enthusiasm and resurgence which relegated the Narendra Modi into power a year back. It is heartening to see so much activity centred on a single individual essentially assessing his administrative skills, diplomatic acumen, executive capabilities and long term vision towards India. But the big unanswered question remains why so much of hullabaloo about the person?

The decade long UPA-II pushed India into a state of incapacity.  A young nation like India with 65% of population aged below 35 has desperately moaned the comatose state of governance marred by policy paralysis, plagued by virulent scams and thriving on the orders and appeals of the high-command.  The air of despondency and negativism permeated every sphere of activity. The downward trend became imminent. It was evident in the form of gradual shrivelling of exports, industrial output, free fall of Sensex and ultimately deprecating economic growth coupled with loss of face among the comity of nations. Clearly the UPA-II dented the aspirations of a nation teeming with millions of youth. The promise of vibrant India began to fade. It was for this reason that the Modi’s unconventional conviction towards growth and development won the hearts of the millions. His meticulous oratory, unparalleled and nuanced connect with common man catapulted his popularity. Consequently he clinched the reigns of power with absolute majority, a spectacle registered in Indian elections after 30 years. Consequently the levels of expectations of people were extremely high on Modi.

Triumph of Modi breeched past the barriers of dynasty and consistently evoked inspiration among the people. Rising from humble origins to the highest order of power and administration he set a new precedent. Young India too made a precocious choice by rejecting the time tested decrepit politics and entrusting the echelons of a power to aspirational leader. No longer the mask and hallow of an inheritance ensured an easy ascent to power. Eventually it sent a message to all political establishments in India that priorities of people have changed. Modi brought about a new renaissance in Indian politics. Instead of conforming himself to old tricks of patronising politics he won hearts of people by remaining accessible to people. He scrupulously utilised the social networking platforms to stay connected with the youth. By effectively bringing forth the dream of great India he instilled hope in people at large.

Rightly so, twelve months into power people and media began deconstructing the nitty-gritty details of all activities implemented and undertaken by the Modi government. A detailed score card of hits and misses has been prepared and discussed by elitists in every field. While the rating are not definitely disappointing but was not overwhelming either as the level of expectations were high. So it fell short of the delivery. But in reality, certain aspects have definitely changed and government has become more visible. Modi government infused energy, dynamism and buoyancy into the system. Especially he single-handedly turned around the perception about India abroad through his deportment, statements and gestures. Indian foreign policy which by far has been obsessed with Pakistan found a new fillip with Modi’s personal effort and energy. In this interconnected world he signalled India’s intent to rise above the domestic preoccupation, economic deceleration and reticence in engaging with other nations. He substantially demonstrated his commitment with novel activism in engaging with immediate neighbourhood, near neighbourhood and with other mighty economic powers. This began to infuse a visible sense of pride and identity within the nation and in far flung Indian Diaspora.

Few analysts have come down heavily on Modi for making the traditional institute, the fourth estate of press redundant. But interestingly his connectivity with people has been affected in the least. While the government was accused of promoting crony capitalism, the ludicrous claims flummoxed as a concrete financial analysis indicated that small and medium industries made huge gains in the first year of Modi’s regime. For a nation burdened by the innumerable scams and corruption, big business groups and industrialists unanimously agreed that corruption at higher offices at come down dramatically.

Unlike other nations bringing about change in India is not easy as system is stymied with unnecessary regulations and archaic procedures. This formidable setup has become greatest hurdle for making India a business friendly nation. Moreover, the overriding burden of the subsidies in various forms throttled the swift economic progression. The corner stone of Modi’s philosophy is that if India has to progress it must industrialise and create more jobs. To meet these targets government has ambitiously harped on- Make in India, Skill India, Digital India and Smart Cities. But the progress and implementation of these initiatives are overseen by suffocating bureaucracy seeped in lethargy and inertia.  To motivate the bureaucracy and to bring about synergy and coordination in functioning, Modi is in short supply of talented team. Consequently the PMO is burdened with the task of decision making resulting in a slow implementation. By far, after one year into power, Modi’s popularity has slid marginally but people are more pragmatic about revival of Indian economy.

While the uncharitable statements of fringe elements raked doubts about government’s policy towards minorities reassuring words of Modi stashed those unwarranted apprehensions. Unarguably India’s quick response to the earthquake in Nepal and audacious rescue efforts during Yemen crisis exemplify the steadfastness of Modi’s government. Though it has been a tough ride for Modi to win over critics who vehemently backlash him, unarguably Modi is steering the nation away from the dogged pseudo-socialist slogans and trying to usher India into a new era of dynamism and positivity. Further, his consistent efforts in bringing about accountability, his frequent informal interactions with citizens of country through radio-talks and his pep talks to school children attests his inclinations to be a people’s leader. With his unique ways of connecting with people he became news himself and raised the bar for aspiring leaders of India.

 

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Pattiseema and Papikondalu Tour

 

Pattiseema, the tourist extravaganza of the West Godavari district popular among the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh is now drawing scores of travel enthusiasts and nature lovers. Located on the fertile banks of river Godavari, the village is surrounded by hillocks draped in thick blanket of vegetation and is a veritable tourist paradise. It is famous for Sri Veerabhadra temple, which is recognized as one of the Panchakasi Kshetrams of the Shaivaites.

The spell bound and exciting boat journey along river Godavari to see the life size sculpture of Devi Bhadrakali is the distinct hallmark of this tour. Highly revered for its mythological significance, the sacred place is frequented by Saivaites and Vaishnavaites alike.

Mythological Connect

Pattiseema abuts the hillock Devakuta Parvatam. Legends say that king Daksha, angered by his daughter Sati Devi who married Lord Shiva against his wishes performs a yagna in the name of Bruhaspati. Sati Devi, who was uninvited to the yagna in turn visits her father’s place in spite of earnest cautioning by Lord Shiva. Outraged by the ill-treatment meted out to her at the Yagna, she creates fire by rubbing the cut digit of her little finger on the left foot on the Earth. She was soon consumed by fire. Enraged by the self-immolation of his beloved wife Sati Devi, Lord Shiva plucks a shred of his long braid, strikes it on ground and creates Lord Veerabhadra to avenge himself. Lord Shiva gifts a long sword like weapon called Pattayudha to his son to destroy yagna and kill Daksha. This weapon with which Daksha was slain fell on the earth and the place where it fell was named Pattachalkshetra, now rechristened as Pattiseema.

The Rise of Lord Veerabhadra

Lord Veerabhadra’s destructive rampage continued unabated. Even the Vishnu Chakra of the Lord Vishnu and the Lord Sun fail to halt his aggression. He continued his pralaya tandavam and the world trembled under his feet. Bhadra Kali was created from those tremors. Appalled by the ferocity of Lord Veerabhadra, deities approach Agastaya Muni who pacifies the Lord by embracing him. Lord Veerabhadra soon transforms into a Shivaling and settles on the Devkutapravatam hillock.

Main Attractions on the Devakuta Parvatam

The hillock has two groups of temples. One group headed by Veerabhadra Swamy temple with a life size sculpture of Bhadrakali Devi. Other shrines include those of Kankadurga, Kumaraswamy, Lakshmi Ganapathi, Subramanyam Swamy, Mahishasuramardhini and Saraswati.

In the second group there is the famous Sri Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple, Sita-Ramaswamy Temple and Anjaneya Swamy Temple.

-          Devakutaparavatam is picturesquely located in the centre of river Godavari and has to be reached by a cruise.

-          The hillock is surrounded by the splendid hill ranges Papi Hills or Papikondalu, part of India’s majestic Eastern Ghats.

-          Enveloped by the enchanting hills housing wide variety of flora and fauna with sparkling clear waters of Godavari lashing the foot hills, the place is an absolute delight for nature lovers.

-          The scenic water route is truly enchanting. The lush vegetation abounding the hills visited by the chirping residents and the migratory birds transcends eternal grace.

-          The serenity and the bountiful exuberance of the nature can be savoured by engaging a comfortable cruise.

Shiva Mutt Built by the Chola – Chalukya Dynasty

Thirty five miles downstream of Pattiseema was once a Shiva mutt, with a huge temple built and maintained by the Kings of the Chola- Chalukya dynasty. The area around the mutt soon developed into a big settlement and came into existence as Rajamahendravaram (named after the King Raja Mahendra Verma) or the present day Rajahmundry.

Other main attractions of the Pattiseema – Papikondalu Tour

Pattisam

Papikonda Wild Life Sanctury

Polavaram

Perantalapalli

Gandipochamma Temple

Cruise Packages by AP Tourism

Andhra Pradesh Tourism Department Corporation (APTDC) offers a variety of cruises to suit to individual taste and affordability. The thrilling rides along the river front meandering through the dangerous and curvaceous ends can be relished by engaging cruises which offer breakfast and lunch on board. The luxurious, trendy, double decker, air-conditioned cruises with all the latest amenities and facilities can be availed by contacting APTDC. AP Tourism operates cruises to Pattiseema where breakfast and lunch will be served. But accommodation has to be availed at hotels in Rajahmundry.

 

How to reach:

Nearest railway station/ airport is Rajahmundry

By Road: 35 km from Rajahmundry via Kovvur

                160 Kms from Vijayawada via NH5

                224 Kms from Visakhapatnam via NH5

 

Published on Kostalife website

 

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Asia's Boat People

After the Mediterranean crisis now the Asian Boat People is making headlines. Denied refuge by countries like Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand the rickety boats overcrowded with people is left adrift in the waters of Andaman Sea. People overboard include the Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar and the poor hapless people of Bangladesh. Bowing down to international pressure Malaysia and Indonesia today announced temporary shelter to the refugees provided International aid agencies provide financial assistance towards the rehabilitation and repatriation of the 7000 thousand odd refugees for a year. In a major relief governments of both these countries ordered their navies to intensify rescue and search operations of the boats headed towards their lands. Earlier Thailand offered little succour to the refugees by providing the needed supplies like water and food but refused to accommodate the migrants.

Thailand is exceedingly famous for the human trafficking wherein smugglers charge a hefty sum of $2000 for a person to transport them the concentration camps. Often people lodged in the concentration camps of Thailand are released subject to receiving ransom from their family. Thus it has evolved into a huge racket as concerned officials turned blind eye to all these nefarious activities. But from May 1^st owing to severe censure and sanctions imposed by the international community on Thailand for the inhuman treatment extended to the economic migrants and for wide spread human slavery smuggling rackets were busted with heavy hand. Reports of UN indicate that roughly 25,000 people have set sail from Bay of Bengal towards South East Asian nations from January to March this year.

The situation of Asian boat people reminds of the fate of Jews who in 1939 set off to Havana on a German ocean liner SS St. Louis to escape persecution in Europe. But as the vessel docked Cuban harbour it was turned away. Subsequently it moved to the ports of the US and Canada, but were refused entry. The distraught and desperate Jews moved back to Europe where a quarter of them perished in the concentration camps of the Nazi’s. While history reminds of the grotesque incidents epitomising the shameful indictment of nations even after seven decades things have hardly changed.

The emaciated, dehydrated and desperate people refugees are now pleading nations for rescue and shelter. But neighbouring nations started turning away the boats reaching their lands on a pretext that this might encourage more people to embark on treacherous journey. Thankfully with severe clamping down of the smuggling rackets the number of vessels starting from Bangladesh has drastically come down. But nations are not coming forward to rescue migrants as Myanmar doesn’t want to take back the Rohingyas. The stand adopted by South East Asian nations is perfunctory. Meanwhile, Thailand has called for an international summit on May 29^th to discuss about the regional approaches to combat the issue of human trafficking.

Setting aside the cooperation extended by the nations in the region it is important to dwell into antecedents of mass migration of Rohingyas from Myanmar. Rohingyas are muslim minority living the South Western Province of Rakhine in Myanmar. Historians believe that they are indigenous to state of Rakhine as they settled down in Myanmar in 15^th century. But others argue that they migrated from Bengal when Myanmar was part of the British India after the first Anglo-Burmese in 1826 and also during the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. The dark skinned Rohingyas are pejoratively referred to as ‘Bengalis’ by Buddhist majority of Myanmar. During the Second World War Rohingyas fought British for independence while the Rakhine state supported the Japanese army to liberate them. This ideological incongruence persisted and deepened over a period of time. In 1982 Rohingyas were stripped of the citizenship as they were not recognised as one of the 135 national races of the country.  Stricken by the state-sponsored persecution they started fleeing to the Bangladesh-Burmese border.

From 2010 the brutal regimes of the generals in Myanmar began to unleash anti-Rohingya and anti-Muslim oppression vehemently. By April the government began to with draw the temporary identity cards as the majority Buddhists didn’t want Rohingyas to vote. Slowly government confiscated lands, forced them to work as farm labourers, severe restrictions were imposed on travelling and permits were required to marry. As a result there are now 30,000 Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Rohingya issue caught international attention following the Rakhine State riots of 2012. More than 1,00,000 people continue to stay in concentration camps in Myanmar now. The chance of reversal of the blatant discriminatory laws towards Rohingyas appears bleak as Aung San Suu Kyi, the democratic icon hesitates to talk about Rohingyas for the fear of offending the Buddhist majority regimes. Rohingyas situation in Myanmar can only improve if the international community and the multilateral organisations could pressurise the regime to change its stance.

Another half of the boat people includes economic migrants of Bangladesh and it is disheartening to note that climate change has resulted in unprecedented increase in economic refugees. The sea levels are consistently rising engulfing the arable lands in Bangladesh and making villages uninhabitable. According to a report about 50,000 people are migrating to the capital city every month. Thus extreme climate changes are taking a severe toll on poor countries like Bangladesh which are poor in resources and finances. The desperate people are flocking to greener pastures. This situation truly propels nations to make a collective effort to face future challenges. “There are more displaced people in the world today than at any other time since the second world war”. The trend of boat people in Andaman Sea or Mediterranean Sea is a cause of great concern as people are fleeing persecution, poverty and conflict to seek refuge in foreign lands. These refugee crisis calls a new radical approach to mitigate the crisis of the boat people.

 

 Published on the MyInd Makers website.
 

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Engaging the Dragon

Of all the diplomatic voyages embarked by Modi so far, China’s trip has been highly debated. The trip evoked mixed reactions from the former diplomats and bureaucrats. A trip to China was always believed to be a tight rope walk for Indian leadership. An engagement with Beijing reminds the Indian memory of the hogwash friendly pretence feigned by the Chinese leadership of yesteryears. The difficulty was compounded by its growing Beijing’s hegemony and intimidating economic clout. Hence political analysts have always advised the Indian leadership to exercise caution and to do required ground work. While India doesn’t fall short of being categorised as an emerging power in Asia, its incipient diplomatic complacency pushed it into a state of strategic stoicism. India has been widely criticised for failing to evolve a robust foreign policy. Evidently Indian approach and engagement with nations was largely dependent on the leadership at the helm of affair. Against this background Prime Minister Modi’s stead fast approach towards foreign affairs heralded a new beginning. During the entire trip he had three stopovers in Xian, Beijing and Shanghai. The trip was rated as a super-trip by the Chinese officials as hardcore decisions pertaining to border issues were not taken. Interestingly so, even Indian business community hailed the trip as deals worth $20 billion were signed.

International community took cognisance of the trip, as interaction of the two Asia’ dynamic leaderships displayed a symbolic bonhomie. While symbolism might have miniscule role but it often sends out vibrant message across. Indian media too at the outset were apprehensive about the outcome of the visit labelling it as being high on optics. In the first stopover of visit to Xian, the home province of President Xi Jinping and ancient capital of China’s Tang dynasty an extra-special welcome was accorded to Modi. Upon his arrival in the airport the traditional Tang dynasty welcome escorted him from airport to the city. It was reckoned as a rare honour for a foreign dignitary.  Besides several official meetings, Prime Minister Modi and President Xi visited Diacen Temple and Wild Goose Pagoda and watched a cultural performance together. Both leaders discussed issues of global and regional importance including terrorism, reforms of UN Security Council and India’s membership of Nuclear Supplier’s Group (NSG). Indeed China is the only permanent member which hasn’t recommended India’s candidature for permanent membership. Even now it exercised great restraint on its committal to the membership to NSG and to UN Security Council. But both sides agreed to bolster counter-terrorism cooperation. Modi reminded Xi about the pending Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) and India’s commitment for its ratification.

 With irritants like conferring $46 billion investments to Pakistan, ballooning trade deficits and unresolved border disputes bothering Indian side, Modi reiterated his concerns about the issues in his talks with Premier Li Keqiang in his second stopover in Beijing. Modi left no stone unturned in reaching out to the Premier by posting his grand selfie with the premier. While both sides acknowledged existence of long-drawn border in congruencies they have decided to take immediate call on revamping the economic ties. In the meanwhile, Beijing triggered a fresh controversy by broadcasting the Indian map without Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir on its state run CCTV. This provocative gesture has brought to fore the dubious stance of Chinese and warranted caution. Modi asked the Chinese to adopt fresh approach to the contentious issues affecting bilateral trade so that India and China can together play an important role on the world stage. Accordingly India and China has decided to set up a hotline connection between the military headquarters of two countries. To build trust between countries China’s vice chairman of Central Military Commission visit will be reciprocated by the visit of Defence minister of India. Subsequently there will be increase in number of meetings between border personnel and commanders at all sectors of Indo-China border. This will be followed by exchange of naval personnel visits and joint training on counter terrorism.

A whopping 45 agreements were signed including 24-intergovernmental agreements in outerspace, cyberspace, earthquake preparedness, maritime science, smart city, consular establishments, finance, education, exchanges between political parties etc. In a major move to strengthen cooperative federalism in India, state/provincial think-tanks will be established to foster engagement between the states and the Chinese government. Further Modi took chief ministers of Gujarat and Rajasthan to China to facilitate a platform for them to invite direct investments to their states. Though Karnataka chief minister was also invited to be part of the Modi’s entourage he failed to make it to Beijing. Besides 21 business agreements worth $22 billion in areas ranging from steel, telecom, solar energy and films were signed in presence of the Modi at the Indo-China Business Forum in Shanghai. 

To rein on the growing trade deficit that was $38 billion in 2013-2014 and expected to raise to $40-45 billion in 2014-15 a task force was instituted. This will try to address the problems faced by Indian IT and Pharmaceutical industries in entering Chinese markets and problems faced Chinese companies while trying to invest in India. To facilitate greater cultural ties and people to people friendly contact an additional Consulate General is proposed to be established in each other’s country. An Indian consulate in Chengdu and a Chinese consulate in Chennai will come up. In a confidence building measure, Modi has announced e-visa’s to Chinese tourists while addressing students and faculty in Tsinghua University. This was expected to boost Indian tourism and to increase two way flow of people. The years 2015 and 2016 have been designated as Visit India and Visit China respectively. E-visa announcement of Modi is going to stir hornet’s nest as the facility is being extended to a country which issues stapled visa’s to Indian residents of Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir. Further even the intelligence agencies in India had serious reservations about any such proposal.

On the final day of his trip in Shanghai Modi spoke to Chinese CEO’s about the Make in India initiative. Assuring Chinese business honchos of personal diligence in easing government norms, he invited innovative entrepreneurs to set up shop in India. Later Modi launched Centre for Gandhian and Indian Studies at Fudan University and emphasised the significance of Gandhian ideals in tackling terrorism and global warming. At the grand reception organised by the Indian community reception at ICBC World Expo Exhibition and Convention Centre Modi addressed 5000 strong Indian Diaspora living in China. Commemorating one year of power Modi thanked the Indian voters for voting him to power. He also held ode to Indian democracy which enabled a person from humble origins to rise to the highest office of the country.

 While Modi emphatically promoted the cultural connect between the nations by invoking the guiding principles of Buddhism and by gifting a sapling of the Bodhi Tree, extension of e-visa’s might be severely censured. To sum up while the trip was low on tangible outcomes in terms of resolving border issues it tried to boost up the existing economic trade. Modi’s visit to China has started yielding results as judgement regarding 22 out of the Gujarati diamond traders languishing in Chinese jails was delivered. Of them 13 are freed and the remaining 9 are sentenced to imprisonment for 3-6 months. The visit will be reckoned for the high-octane reception extended by Chinese and the magnetic cultural connect reinvigorated by Modi. Both nations for time being tried to push ahead with issues that are could stabilise the existing situation. The Indo-China relationship is very complex as the two giants eye each other with suspicion and perhaps time alone can resolve the contentious border issue.

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Modi’s visit to China: A true test for diplomatic astuteness

Modi’s astounding and sure footed diplomatic manoeuvres sofar acclaimed great repute from various quarters. In 11 months of assuming the high office Modi visited 16 countries apart from his upcoming tri-nation trip to China, South Korea and Mongolia from May 14-19. With this three-nation tour India intends to intensify its engagement with neighbours of China, a counter to China’s overreach program of reaching out to nations in India’s immediate neighbourhood. Modi will be first Indian prime minister to ever visit Mongolia.

Significance of the visit

As the countdown for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s bilateral visit to Beijing has begun there is palpable enthusiasm among industrialists, traders and strategic analysts. 21^st century is widely recognised as Asian century and hence interaction between two astute Asian leaders assumes greater significance. Moreover as the World is taking serious cognisance of China’s endeavours to slip into the new role of emerging super power, its friendly equations with neighbouring countries is of immense relevance. For India the task of managing its biggest neighbour is quite challenging and intricate for the inherent similarities and the contradictions between the two Asian giants. India having paid heavy price for serious misjudgement of Chinese in the second decade of its independence is more wary of the dragon and ever since every India prime minister treads a rather cautious path in dealing with China.

In reciprocation to the avant-garde ceremonial honours and receptions extended to President Xi on his visit to India at Ahmedabad, Prime Minister Modi would be visiting the native province of President Xi, Xian followed by Beijing and Shangai during his three day visit to China. Crucial issues on agenda of the Prime Minister are to strengthen trade and economic trade. Indo- Chinese trade stands out for its striking asymmetry. While the Chinese exports grew three and half times than its imports India failed to significantly raise its exports. India remained a committed exporter of the raw material and eventually turned into a dumping prey of the manufactured Chinese goods. China is now the largest exporter of goods to India. With its economic clout it has managed to surpass India as the biggest supplier of active ingredients for pharmaceuticals too. While Modi is all geared up to attract the Chinese investment through Make in India Initiative, caution should be exerted lest India turns out to be sewage dump for the environmentally taxing Chinese industries. Alternatively its expertise should be deftly utilised in infrastructure development.

New Security Strategem of China

The cause of major consternation in dealing with China would be its new security paradigm unveiled as the Code of Conduct for Asia by President Xi Jinping in 2014. As per the new stratagem, China intends to deliver veiled threats to countries forging military alliances to counter China and reap economic rewards to nations dallying towards the dragon. Unlike his predecessors who struggled to project the benign face of China, Xi has galloped ahead on foreign policy agenda with smart diplomatic forays. In 2008 India and China under President Hu Jintao initiated a “Joint Strategic Vision for 21^st Century” with a “Shared Vision Concept” endorsed a common vision and both nations vowed to work together. But the current astute diplomatic overtures of present leadership have completely buried it.

Modi’s visit to China will provide him an excellent opportunity to recalibrate the existing Indo-Chinese foreign policy. Chinese the masters of strategic gradualism with rapid strides emerged as formidable force and Western analysts made a cautioned reference to Defence Posture of China. Of late China is pumping millions of dollars towards revamping its defence infrastructure, research and towards development of state-of –art weapons. A conservative estimate indicates that China currently possess more maritime submarines that the US.

 Diplomatic Outreach Programmes of China

Chinese Outreach programmes are rather incisive and immaculate. It has revved up outreach program and is committed to make a mark of its own globally. China’s proactive initiative in the launch of BRICS New Development Bank and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), demonstrated China’s resolve to develop alternative financial institutions. The US wary of its diminishing dominance warranted its allies to opt   out of AIIB as founding members during its launch. But within few months of launch European countries made a bee-line to become members.

With an initial investment of $40 billion famously referred to as the Silk Road Fund, it ambitiously launched One Road, One Belt. Wherein it strategizes to create a network of infrastructure projects and aims to enhance the connectivity by establishing land corridor extending from its eastern coast to Eurasia (Pacific Coast to Baltic Sea) to dislodge the US as pivot of Asia. The audacious Maritime Silk Route intends to connect more than 50 countries via sea and simultaneously build ports along the Silk Road. This move not only overrides the diplomatic outreach program of India but would reduce the sphere of influence of the US. China’s frantic land reclamation activity captured by the advanced satellite imagery recently in the South China Sea has been cause of serious concern the region. In short all these aggressive strategic ventures hold a testimony to the assertiveness of the resurgent China.

Diplomatic Complacency of India

India is lulled into diplomatic complacency by a myth that both nations are upholders of oldest civilisations and are in same league with more than 1 billion population. But China over a period of time moved miles ahead of India. Its GDP is five times bigger than India. China is in a different league now. Its intimidating hegemony and growing economic clout besieges India to reformulate it China Policy.

Recurrent Incursions

India should take a conscientious note of recurring incursions of PLA (People’s Liberation Army) along the LAC (Line of Actual Control) and in the new sectors of Despang and Chumar which never surfaced in the land disputes earlier. Clearly the strategy of Chinese seems to create a dispute where there was no dispute earlier. From the year 2006, Chinese started issuing stapled visa’s to citizens of Arunachal Pradesh claiming it as a part of South Tibet. During exchange of maps it deliberately marked Arunachal Pradesh as disputed area. Thus, it has been substantially building a case to make its claims real. Dalai Lama publicly refuted charges of China and asserted that Arunachal Pradesh was never part of South China.

President Xi on his recent visit to Pakistan made a grand announcement of constructing a 3000 km long China-Pakistan economic corridor running through the PoK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) which is a disputed area. A generous $46 billion of bounty conferred on Pakistan towards infrastructure and for gaining strategic access to the Gwadar port. Pakistan in return has leased out the port to China for 20 years expediting its ambitions of establishing a naval base in the Indian Ocean Region. It is also planning to construct a railway line between China and Nepal by building tunnel under Mount Everest. Thus, China’s major diplomatic successes portend an adverse impact on India’s foreign policy.

In the meanwhile, some diplomats opined that Modi’s visit might be inconsequential considering the small time gap between President Xi’s visit to India and Modi’s return visit to Beijing. Xi’s visit to India eight months ago was marred by biggest ever incursion into Chumar and with no signs of Chinese softening its stance on incursions, some analysts view that Modi’s trip will be a futile exercise. In February Indian ambassador in Beijing was summoned on eve of Modi’s visit to Arunchal Pradesh and condemned India for undermining “China’s territorial sovereignty, interests and rights”. In yet another condescending act, Chinese intelligence has arranged for a secret meeting of nine insurgent groups of North Eastern States to form a united front in Myanmar.

Modi is buttressing his diplomatic quiver with mystical bows of soft power and democracy. He began casting the magical spell by signing onto the Sina Weibo platform and registered 11.12 million hits. This would be followed by massive public meeting of India diaspora in China. While India’s flexible diplomacy has enabled it open its geopolitical options the fiercely ambitious attitude of China encouraged its neighbours to take a benign view of India’s rise. The previous history of China and its engagement with our immediate neighbours emanate vindictive signals. Consequently Indian leadership should reassess situations cautiously before congruently ramping up any issue of bilateral solidarity.

 

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Published on Myind Makers website on 14^th May 2015.

Heralding Indo-Bangladesh relations: Ratification of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA)

Curtains rolled down to end the 41-year old stalemate pertaining to the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) as Parliament unanimously passed the 119^th constitutional Amendment on May 7^th to resolve the Indo-Bangladesh border dispute. The implementation would enable sharing of the enclaves or Chittmahals in each other’s territory. The existence of these enclaves dates back to early 17^th century when they were used as stakes in cards between the King of the Cooch Bihar and Maharaja of Rangapur. After partition in 1947 by virtue of the Radcliffe line India shared longest common boundary of 4096 kilometers with East Pakistan. But due to the incoherent demarcation of Radcliffe award 1947, enclaves in one country were surrounded by regions possessed by another country. During this process enclaves in Rangapur became part of East Pakistan and by 1949 Cooch Bihar joined India.  While the 1958 Nehru-Noon agreement displayed an initiative to ‘deenclave’ these regions without loss of territories the Supreme Court of India ordered for passage of constitutional amendment for transfer of land. Hence ninth amendment was introduced in the parliament to implement the agreement but amendment couldn’t be passed due to the objections pertaining to transfer of South Berubari enclave. The issue was unresolved as relationships with Pakistan began to deteriorate.

With creation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan in 1971 fresh negotiations were reinitiated. Accordingly the Land Boundary Agreement was signed between Indira Gandhi and Mujibar Rehman to exchange enclaves and to surrender adverse possessions on May 16^th 1974. As per the agreement, India retained Berubari union no: 12 and Bangladesh retained Dahagram and Angorpota. India allotted a strip of land called Teen Bigha Corridor (178x58 mt) in its possession on the West Bengal-Bangladesh border to Bangladesh so that it can access its territories. Bangladesh quickly ratified the treaty in 1974 but India failed to do so. By then 6.1 kilometers of the undemarcated land boundary spanning in three sectors - Daikhata-56 (West Bengal), Muhria- River Belonia (Tripura) and Lathitila-Dumabari (Assam) were unresolved. Both the nations prepared the list of enclaves by 1997 and Two Joint Boundary Working Groups were constituted in 2001 which carried out joint census in 2007. An additional protocol under this LBA agreement of 1974 was signed by then Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in 2011. Under this agreement, India will receive possession of 54 enclaves accounting for 7110.02 acres under the possession of Bangladesh within the Indian Territory and Bangladesh will get 111 Enclaves of 17,160.63 acres in Bangladesh from India. Consequently there will be swap of adverse possession of areas. While India will acquire 2777.038 acres Bangladesh will get 2267.682 acres of area. India leased out Teen Bigha corridor to Bangladesh in 2011 amidst severe opposition from people.

When the 119^th amendment was introduced in 2013 in Rajya Sabha, BJP stiffly opposed the bill as its unit in Assam expressed serious concerns of the local people.  But the bill was stalled by Mamata Banerjee. The logjam began to clear after Modi assumed the office of Prime Minister. In August 2014 he welcomed the Permanent Court of Arbitration’s ruling on the Maritime boundary though it was very generous towards Bangladesh. In November 2014, the Parliament Panel, the standing committee on External Affairs approved the bill. Modi has decided to keep the opinion of the state Unit aside in the best interest of nation to provide succour to thousands of the people inhabiting the enclaves who are denied of legitimate nationality and consequently all the privileges accruing to it. In a rare display of mettle and leadership, Modi trumped political interests for larger national interests and spear headed the passage of this historic bill. Thus, he deftly fulfilled the assurances made to his Bangladeshi Counterpart in September 2014 in New York.

The ratification of this bill was hailed by the Bangladeshi Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina who travelled extra mile by arresting insurgent leaders and by subverting anti-Indian plots hitched by Pakistan on its soil. She has also made it difficult for the ISIS to use Bangladesh as a base for terrorism and financial subversion. India by opting for the international arbitration facilitated resolution of the border dispute which could have never been settled by negotiations.

With the implementation of the agreement quality of life of over 51 thousand people living in these enclaves will be improved. Denied of even basic facilities, these people have been languishing as state-less people. All these inhabitants will have national identity now and can enjoy all the basic facilities enjoyed by their neighbours living outside the enclaves. Another major respite will be the issue of border management. The 3000 Km long Indo-Bangladesh border fenced by barbed wires was the most permeable border despite the huge troops of border security forces. This border is notorious for the omniscient smuggling besides trafficking in arms, drugs and people. With ratification of the treaty security cooperation between the nations is bound to increase and with efficient management of the border trade prospects can be enhanced. Bangladesh enjoys duty-free access to Indian markets by increasing the road, rail and maritime connectivity trade can be expanded. India and Bangladesh suffer from perception problems and with implementation of LBA, the deep seated gap in perception and scepticism might reduce paving way for a long enduring friendship. This would eventually curtail the huge influx of Bangladeshi migrants pushing into Indian Territory.

Now that the territorial agreement with Bangladesh is ready for implementation, it should brood over the next dimension of the bilateral relationship. India and Bangladesh share waters of 54 rivers and efforts should be directed to resolve the framework implementation of the agreement signed in 2011. It called for cooperation between India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan for joint harnessing of water resources shared by these countries. India should push the Teesta waters issue to facilitate construction of dams and generation of hydroelectric power benefitting both nations.

Historically undemarcated boundaries spawning between the neighbouring regions had spiralled into land disputes threatening the peace and harmony. Resolution of contestations bestowed harmony. By displaying the nerve to implement the long drawn LBA agreement, Prime Minister Modi exhibited peerless political courage needed to make huge diplomatic gains. The timing of this bill is far more significant as it comes days before Modi’s departure to Beijing. With resolution of land boundaries with Bangladesh India has emerged as a true leader in the region. It avoided consternation and addressed the issue with good will, trust and faith making a major gain in its Look East Policy. Now Bangladesh can act as a bulwark against terrorism. LBA stands out as an epitome of visionary statesmanship, common sense and pragmatism and signalled that festering disputes can be addressed by warring factions for the common good of people.

 

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Published on MyIndMakers website on 13^th May 2015

10 Amazing Facts About Amaravathi, the Ancient and Future Capital of Andhra Pradesh

To invoke the Telugu pride and to bestow special identity, recognition to the traditions, culture and heritage Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Shri Chandrababu Naidu christened the new capital city as Amaravathi. India has long tradition of redeeming glory to the ancient history by naming major cities after the invaders or the rulers/erstwhile capitals of that region. Thus naming of the new green capital city after the illustrious old city falls in line with the same convention.

10 Amazing Facts About Amaravathi, the Ancient and Future Capital

As you try soaking in the feeling of this new capital city soon En Route to become one of the most promising cities of India, take a look at 10 amazing facts about the Amaravathi, which denotes pride with rich heritage and nostalgia.

A sneak peek at the astounding cultural attributes of Amaravathi at this juncture can greatly elate the spirits of aspiring coastal Andhra people

1.       Is also referred to as Deepaladinne or Hill of Lamps

The tiny old heritage town of Amaravathi, 35 km north of Guntur, is referred to as deepaladinne or hill of lamps in local parlance. It is also popular by the name Amareswaram for the famous Amareswara temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, built along the banks of swiftly flowing waters of river Krishna.

2.       Was Ruled by the Best of the Best

Amaravathi has glorious history to its name. Recorded history indicates that it was ruled by the Mauryan Emperor Asoka from 272 BC to 235 BC. Its existence is antiquated and interestingly Stone Age tools like hand axes, cleaver, discoids and scrapers were recovered from this region. After the decline of Mauryans it was taken over by Satavahanas who chose Dharanikota or Dhanyakataka, a place very close of Amaravathi as their capital. Subsequently the city retained a venerable position under the Ikshavuku rulers, Pallava Kings, Eastern Chalukyas, Telugu Cholas, Kota Kings and Kakatiyas. It was part of Mughal Empire, Sultanate of Golconda and was ceded to France initially and then to English. It finally became part of Madras Presidency during the colonial period.

3.      Was the Highest Seat of Cultural Learning

Amaravathi has been a high seat of cultural learning. Various forms of arts flourished in this region for six centuries. Religion, especially Buddhism had been source of inspiration for great building activity. Ancient Monuments like Stupas, Chaitras, Viharas and Sangharamas discovered around this region speaks volumes about the influence of the Buddhism.

4.      The Main Centre of Buddhism in South India

Amaravathi gradually evolved into the South Indian Centre of Buddhism where a thoroughly indigenous school of sculpture grew. It began to earn a universal applause for the conception of delicate beauty of human form, wonderful imagination, sense of symmetry and subtle display of human emotions. The art form brandished stupendous technical skill and dexterity and successively entered an advanced stage of exquisite refinement.

5.       Rise of Amaravathi School of Art

With unique art and themes based on Buddha’s life and Jataka Tales, Amaravathi School of Art began to make a special mark during 3^rd century. The other two major art forms of those times were Gandhara art and Mathura art. The stupa in Amaravathi, a classical outcome of this marvellous art form was the grandest architectural masterpiece of South India. It was referred to as Mahachaitya in the Ancient inscriptions. Built during the regime of Emperor Asoka in 2^nd century, it was extensively enlarged and embellished by the later Satavahana rulers. The imposing solid 50 mt diameter of dome of the stupa was mounted on a drum like platform of bricks, housing the relics of Buddha. Empanelled with lime stone and the Palnad marble, it is now kept in the jewelled casket in Amaravathi Museum.

6.       Had Unique Buddhist Sculptures connecting to Rome

Buddhist sculptures of Amaravathi had a Graeco-Roman influence indicating close trade and diplomatic trade between South India and ancient Romans. Coincidentally even some ancient Roman coins were recovered from this place. In fact the long curls of Buddha trademark of Amaravathi Buddhist stupa reflect this Greek influence.

7.       Buddhist Stupa and Artefacts were recovered by the British

Administrative British authorities during the colonial rule after authenticated examinations by renowned archaeologists carried out excavations of resulting in unearthing of these antique artefacts.

8. Was Patronised by Vasireddy Venkatadri Naidu

Incidentally before the advent of British, parts of coastal Andhra were ruled by the famous Vasireddy Clan. The last ruler of the clan, Vasireddy Venkatadri Naidu, a benevolent ruler, patronised art and literature, constructed several temples in the Krishna district and renovated the temple of Amareswara Swamy. He shifted his capital to Amaravathi from Chintapalli, the original seat of power. Legend says that upon the,   treacherously beheaded 600 Chenchu tribes who were torturing innocent villagers by inviting them for a luncheon. Repentant after the killings, he spent rest of his life in Amareswara Swamy temple premises. The present structure thus, owes its existence to him.

9. Recovered Buddhist Relics Now in Various Museums of the World

For years, the invaluable Buddhist sculptures recovered after the excavations were not displayed and preserved in a basement in the British Museum. Some of the treasured relics of long Indian history are now housed in the recently refurbished Madras Museum in the Amaravathi Gallery and a small fraction of them are preserved in British Museum, London and at the Archaeological site Museum at Amaravathi.

10. Was Declared at the UNESCO Heritage City

In 2014 the ancient city of Amaravathi, the pride and glory of the Telugu rulers, Satavahanas was declared as UNESCO heritage city. As the capital of Andhra Desam, the city witnessed pinnacles of sublime spiritual glory, triumph, decline and neglect in the annals of Indian history.

May the new capital city of Andhra Pradesh, imbibing the spirit of ever widening thought and action usher the citizens into an era of bountiful development, progress and prosperity.         

 

 

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China’s Unprecedented Land Reclamation Activity in South China Sea

China is notoriously famous for its amazing construction skills. The advances in the satellite imagery brought back to fore the rapid scale of constructions on the isolated reefs, islands, islets, cays and shoals in the South China Sea. The images provided by the Digital Globe, a commercial satellite imagery provider analyzed by Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) published in IHS Jane’s indicate frenzied construction activity around Mischief Reef and Spartly Island. The images include a 3 km air strip on Fiery Cross Reef which is expanded 11 times. It is now three times bigger than the largest natural island in the Spartly archipelago. The sudden surge in activity raises serious questions about Chinese intentions. Its attitude of evading dialogue with its neighbours over the disputed region is quite alarming. Philippines an ally of the US in this region, intimidated by the vast size, growing clout and trade hegemony of China decided to seek a legal recourse. It filed an arbitration case against China under the United Nations Convention in the Law of the Sea treaty.  Perplexed by formidable territorial ambitions of China, ASEAN leaders expressed serious concerns over the rapidly booming land reclamation projects in their recently concluded summit.

South China Sea turned into a region of fiercest rivalry as countries abutting the large water body have conflicting claims over the islands.  Regrettably nations have collectively failed to break the log-jam over the disputed regions. Worried over brewing animosity the 10 ASEAN countries of the region had resolved to exercise self restraint in the year 2002. But the satellite images portraying a rejuvenated construction activity of Chinese in this region across several barren islets, atolls, shoals and cays opened the Pandora Box and nations are incensed. But China blatantly defended it was simply trying to catch up with the construction activity of other countries who have already developed extensive structures in this region. But the frantic land reclamation activity and building of airstrips suggests otherwise. In fact Philippines and Taiwan constructed air strips on the Thitu and Itu Abha islands in the Spartly chain of islands. But the speed, scale and sophistication of Chinese constructions are intimidating. The reef-turned islands are extensively developed to function as command and control centres for China’s paramilitary, air and naval patrols and help in resource extraction and rescue operations in the area.

ASEAN leaders expressed concern that Chinese island building efforts may undermine the peace, stability and security in the regions as the features in the South China Sea are claimed by four other nations. Chinese secret construction activity was busted by the satellite images that revealed Chinese flotilla of vessels dumping sand on the fragile coral reefs claimed by Philippines. These regions claimed by Vietnam, Philippines, Brunei and Malaysia are rich source of energy reserves, fishery resources and a vital conduit for the trade in this region. By consolidating its sweeping claims over the region, Chinese can bedeck the islands with its troops and eventually exert its dominance in the Western Pacific by controlling the strategic seaway. Though the ASEAN region speaks of robust cooperation, the Chinese trade hegemony, its diplomatic leverage and bold actions presage a potential armed conflict threatening the peaceful coexistence of nations. In order to strengthen its claims over the regions within the nine-dashed line region academically, China created a think-tank, Institute of China-America Studies in Arlington Virginia. It is an outpost of its National Institute for South China Sea Studies at Hainan, a rigorous Chinese effort to add a touch of academic gloss to its assertions.  The nine dashed line doctrine is advocated by China citing a reference to an old map dating back to 1940 shortly before Communist Party seized power.  

Political analysts believe that Chinese is trying to push its regional aspirations with great vigour before a potentially hawkish and confrontational US president assumes power. China besides heightening its control over features within the South China Sea aims to increase its surveillance capabilities in the region’s water and airspace. The stead fast progress made on these features indicates that entire regions might be under the aegis of Chinese Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) before Obama exits his office. China’s strategic moves in rapidly building a new turf in this region are immaculate. The maritime diplomacy received a major shot in arm after President Xi Jinping ascent to higher office in 2012. To boost up its maritime stratagem, the southernmost, backwater province Hainan was turned into seat of frontline maritime interests.

In the least populated province of China Hainan, three prefectural cities bloomed with expanded ports, runways, airport hangars, communication facilities, coastal defence positions and a military garrison to hasten the land reclamation activities at various features of South China Sea. To expedite systemic construction over the features Asia’s largest cutting section dredger was employed to create and expand the existing islands. For greater maritime militia mobilization and to nurture its hold over the entire region, the training and working style of Tanmen Village Maritime Militia Company was emulated. Subsequently local fishermen were trained to handle arms to defend Chinese territorial claims and were provided advanced trawlers for fishing along the shores. Now Chinese fishing fleet has an enviable 5000 fishing vessels and 100,000 armed fishermen as a part of maritime militias. Simultaneously China is making arrangements for permanent settlement of 1443 citizens on the disputed islands to stake legal claims at a later stage. Stealthily China is making all perspicacious efforts- legally, academically, strategically to gain control over the South China Sea. When questioned about these rather quick developments China quips back saying that it is emulating the tactics of the West who were into this business since ages.

Over a period of time China has transformed into a Great Maritime Power growing more qualitatively. Its attack submarines now outnumber the US. The fiercely ambitious attitude of China is under scanner for its recent inconsistencies in its foreign policy. Besides the regions in the South China Sea which are bone of contention, it has disagreement over large stretches of land with India as well. While it is seemingly making attempts to reach out to India and Japan (over Senkaku islands), to resolve the disputes, its pattern of assertive behaviour in South China Sea indicates otherwise. In 2011 Chinese patrol boats harassed Vietnamese and Philippines oil-exploration vessels near Spartly islands. In 2012 it occupied the Scarborough Shoal claimed by Philippines. In 2014 it allowed state-owned oil Exploration Company to set up a rig in Vietnamese waters. After huge anti- Chinese protests across various cities in Vietnam it fled the waters. Bereft of credible military capability to deter the Chinese aggression its neighbours are turning to the US. In a bid to assuage fears of Philippines, US doubled its troops participating in the joint military exercise, Balikatan in South China Sea. Soon Japan will be part of the US-Filipino air patrol exercises. The US administration is unwilling to encounter any military adventurism with China as it will run the risk of losing its top creditor and second biggest trading partner.

In October 2014 minutes after India inked a pact with Vietnam for exploration of oil and gas in the South China Sea Chinese Foreign Ministry took severe objection to renewed cooperation between the nations for oil exploration in Vietnamese waters. President Xi on his recent visit to Pakistan made a grand announcement for building the 3000 km long China-Pakistan economic corridor running through the PoK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) which is a disputed area. It is also planning to construct a railway line between China and Nepal by building tunnel under Mount Everest. Prime Minister Narendra Modi scheduled to embark on a bilateral visit to China with a focus on economic and strategic issue on May 14th. The previous history of China and its engagement with our neighbouring countries are sending out vindictive signals. Hence Indian leadership should reassess situations cautiously before congruently ramping up any issue of bilateral solidarity.

 

 

 

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