Modi and Putin Explore New Convergences Amid Great Power Competition

With the world order going through a massive reset, President Putin’s visit to India for the annual Indo-Russian summit grabbed more attention. With Sino-Russian éntente and burgeoning Indo-US ties becoming the defining paradigms of a new world order, speculated wrinkles in the Indo-Russian ties assumed great strategic consequence.

The 20- year long uninterrupted tradition of Indo-Russia annual summit suffered a break last year due to Covid-19. Putin’s short working visit to India, his second overseas trip since the pandemic, is thus doubly significant; his first overseas visit being a meeting with the President Biden at Geneva in June of this year.

India and Russia entered into a Strategic Partnership in 2000 and unveiled the tradition of conducting annual summit. In 2010 the relationship was elevated into a special and privileged strategic partnership. The following year both the countries established India Russia Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) to foster trade, scientific, economic, technological and cultural cooperation. This year marks the golden jubilee of the Indo-Russian Friendship Treaty. Buttressing this partnership, both countries have inaugurated 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue that began in Delhi on Dec 6th.

Strengthening the defence cooperation, the cornerstone of Indo-Russian relations, the ministerial dialogue renewed the technical and military cooperation for 10 years i.e., till 2031 and agreed to produce six lakh AK-203 assault rifles through Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited (IRPL), Amethi¹. Building on this strategic cooperation, the 21^st Indo-Russian summit themed on Partnership for Peace, Progress and Prosperity headed by Prime Minister Modi and President Putin expressed satisfaction over timely assistance during the covid and specifically with respect “Sputnik-V cooperation”.

As against the speculations of an interruption in the annual summit in 2020 causing a strain in the ties, Modi and Putin held six telephonic conversations since the last summit. Putin virtually participated in the open-debate on Enhancing Maritime Security- A case for International Cooperation led by India as the President of UNSC.

Strategic reasons aside, the purchase of $5.4 billion S-400 air defence missile systems from Russia and the consequent threat of Washington’s CAATSA (Countering American Adversaries Through Sanctions Act) made it imperative for both countries to redefine and re-energise the ties. Notwithstanding America’s CAATSA threat, India resolutely pursued S-400 acquisition to defend its borders from China’s salami slicing.

Days ahead of Putin’s visit an American delegation reminded India of plausible CAATSA sanctions. America attempted to dissuade India from purchasing S-400, laying a bait of offering an advance missile defence system and citing problems in interoperability. But India remained steadfast. Though the US is miffed, a strong India is the best interest of America. In response to increased confrontations with China, America intensified ties with India to counter a rising China. America will be shooting itself in foot if it sanctions India. Despite itself, Washington is debating its future course of action.

Against these odds, at the annual summit, besides reviewing all the fields of cooperation, leaders underscored the need for putting the bilateral trade on a positive trajectory. Though both sides believed that trade doesn’t reflect the potential of the partnership, they decided to initiate negotiations on India-Eurasian Economic Union and resolved to intensify efforts to achieve a bilateral trade target of $30 billion by 2025. The volume of India-Russia bilateral trade is paltry $10 billion as opposed to India’s $100 billion trade with the US and China. One of the main pillars of Indo-US relations is trade and services. It is thus imperative that both India and Russia intensify efforts in advancing bilateral trade.

Accordingly, countries have agreed to streamline and fast-track clearances, eliminate trade barriers, finalise negotiations on bilateral investment treaty, promote mutual settlement of payments in national currencies, strengthen trade in pharma and expand cooperation in energy cooperation. India invited Russia to participate in 13 key sectors of Production Linked Incentive (PLI) under Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiative².

Defence cooperation has been and continue to be the main stay of India-Russia bilateral ties. Close to 60% of India defence inventory traces its origins to Russia. Besides, India and Russia enjoy a special defence cooperation pivoted on collaboration, co-development and co-production. Supplemented with technology transfer, India and Russia are unlikely to replicate such iconic cooperation with other countries. But the share of India purchases shrank from 70 to 49 percent between 2011 and 2015 and between 2016 and 2020³. As India seeks to indigenize and diversify defence acquisitions, both the countries recognized the need to ramp up cooperation in other areas as well to cement the ties.

Consequently, in an attempt to renew and reinvigorate bilateral ties, both the countries have signed a whopping 28 agreements in all with a focus on providing much needed impetus to economic cooperation⁴. Additionally, countries mulled on exploring the need for agreement on reciprocal logistic support for armed forces.

Unlike with other countries, India and former Soviet Union both with allegiance to socialism, traditionally favoured government to government agreements. This limited the scope of cooperation to realm of government entities even as private sector began to slowly dominate especially in India.  For a more wide-ranging collaboration now, in a departure from the past countries have now recognized need for collaboration between governments and private sector organisations with new areas avenues for joint development now being added to the list. These included-digital technologies, information protection, security of crucial infrastructure and law enforcement.

Expressing satisfaction over the rapid stride of cooperation achieved through BRICS, SCO, RIC, G20, they underscored the need for introduction of new reforms in UNSC and in particular pushed for implementation of resolutions to counter terrorism and extremism.

West’s economic sanction post Crimean annexation in 2014, has propelled Russia to cozy up to Beijing. Anti-west sentiments cemented Sino-Russian relations to the extent of the ties turning into an axis. Further, the bitter confrontations between US and China and China’s unremitting encirclement of India and incursions across the border has strengthened the strategic ties between India and US. As a result, India and Russia are now finding themselves in opposite tents.

Amid the stratification of alignments, Russia rejoiced the withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan and initially supported the Taliban along with China and Pakistan. While countries evacuated diplomats and shut down their embassies, Pakistan, China and Russia operated theirs. Much to the detriment of Russia’s position on Taliban takeover, the devastating effects of the burgeoning extremism, terrorist attacks began to erode the peace and stability of the Central Asian Region. The Stans which share large unpoliced border started feeling the tremors of an unstable and financially bankrupt Afghanistan. Rise of radicalism, targeted attacks on minorities and other ethnic groups, mass exodus of refugees and surge in drug trafficking began to destabilise the region.

Russia which found itself on same page with India has encouraged New Delhi to organize a dialogue with regional countries. Pakistan and China declined the invite. In their absence other countries, especially Central Asian Republics (CARs) began to share their thoughts without hesitation. At a time when India and Russia are trying to explore the areas of congruence, Afghanistan emerged as issue of mutual interest. Currently, India, Russia and Iran are finding themselves on the same page.

Prioritizing the need for a stable, peaceful and secure Afghanistan, both the countries “emphasized the respect for sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity and non-interference in its internal affairs” in an apparent dig at Pakistan. The sides appreciated the finalization of roadmap between India and Russia on Afghanistan. Reiterating their commitment to combat terrorism, in the joint statement India and Russia included LeT, a Pakistani terror group sheltering in Afghanistan. China prevented the mention of LeT in RIC (Russia India China) joint communique.

Both countries echoed similar opinions about denuclearization of the Korean peninsula, implementation of JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) and supported a Syrian-led, Syrian-owned political process for Syria. Notably, the joint statement while reaffirming centrality of ASEAN in the regional security but avoided the use of the construct Indo-Pacific and instead referred it to as regions in Indian and Pacific Oceans. This comes as no surprise given Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov’s vehement disapproval to use of Indo-Pacific as divisive. Shortly, after the Modi-Putin Summit, he reiterated his position and slammed America’s Indo-Pacific strategy to contain China.

In pursuit of advancing the bilateral ties and shielding it against push and pull factors of the geopolitical developments, India and Russia have endeavoured to strengthen the strategic cooperation. The impact of this fresh impetus to strategic cooperation has tremendous implications for international relations. Amid the raging US and China confrontation, Russia and India which pursue independent foreign policies can emerge as a stabilizing force or even a balancing force.

Despite Russia’s close ties with China, Russia is wary of China’s growing footprint and influence in its traditional backyard, the Central Asian region. But Russia’s deepening economic cooperation and its reliance of defence and energy exports has limited its options to show China its place. To counter Beijing’s hegemonic rise, Russia is betting on a stable partnership with and a formidable defence cooperation with New Delhi. A strong India can be an effective bulwark against the Middle Kingdom. However, in an event of a clash between India and China, Russia will not openly side with India but would ensure an uninterrupted supply of defence supplies to New Delhi.

Similarly, Russia has locked horns with the West, precisely the US, over the Ukraine issue. Russia is miffed by America’s strategy of pushing European borders further to the east. Putin and Biden are at loggerheads with each other over Russia’s deployment of thousands of troops along the Ukrainian borders. In a virtual meet, Biden is reported to have warned Russia of dire consequences including blocking access to SWIFT system for money transfers. Despite, India’s close ties with the US, India will choose to remain silent.

Even as issues of convergences are beginning to shrink, the time-tested India and Russia are banking in strategic legacy to rejuvenate ties. India is no longer a third World country of 1970s. Its rapid economic progress and rising global stature has in part changed the dynamics of the bilateral ties. It has now more things in common with the West than Russia, which hasn’t managed to diversify its economy.

In its quest for more economic opportunities, an aspiring India is looking west. But when it comes to defence, Russia is India’s first choice owing to the decades of collaboration and more recently its involvement in Make in India initiative. By ignoring US threat of sanctions over procurement of S-400 Triumf Missile system, India validated its trust to India-Russia defence engagement. Besides, India has always maintained its strategic autonomy disagreeing on the issues of divergences with the US.

Clearly, two facets of India-Russia relations are emerging. Heralding the strategic cooperation, Putin through his visit has exuded new confidence in building mutual trust. By reading out China’s script on Indo-Pacific, Moscow is letting New Delhi know of its discomfort of blossoming Indo-US strategic global partnership.

Putin’s visit has successfully demolished the speculations of strategic gaps in the relationship. At the same time, massive geopolitical realignments have exposed the rough edges in the longstanding India-Russian relationship. The challenge is now to address the divergences and uphold mutual trust. The annual summit has made a first move in that direction.

As great power contestation continues to threaten the peace and stability of the region, a stable India-Russia relationship offers a promise of a multipolar Asia.

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Revisiting the Educational Heritage of India

 

विद्यां ददाति विनयं, विनयाद् याति पात्रताम्।

पात्रत्वात् धनमाप्नोति, धनात् धर्मं ततः सुखम्॥

The above sloka, traced back to Hitopadesa, says- vidhya or real knowledge generates humility and gives bearer discipline and from discipline comes worthiness, from worthiness one gets wealth, from wealth (one does) good deeds, from that (comes) real joy.

From eons Bharat believed that the betterment of a person would ultimately lead to the collective good of the society. Knowledge acquisition in Bharat was always held in high esteem. Indeed, the knowledge of Brahman and Atman for self-realisation through Jnana yoga was prescribed to the practitioner. The other two being -Bhakti and Karma yoga to attain the ultimate salvation.

Education thus enjoyed an exalted status in the Indian society and became an integral aspect of our civilisation. Gaining knowledge and eschewing ignorance was regarded the foremost duty of a person. Whetting intellectual pursuits, knowledge acquisition or learning was thus considered as a sacred duty.

Catering to an immense curiosity of ancient Indians yearning to gain perspectives of physical and spiritual world, the Rishis and Acharyas developed a robust education ecosystem. Unlike the modern system, that prepared the students for a career, the ancient system of education prepared them for life. Embedded in the quintessential ingredients of “character-building and man-making training”, as the cornerstone of education, ancient educational system produced intellectuals who plumbed the depths of science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, physics, and theology.

A holistic and inter-disciplinary learning has thus been the hallmark of Indian pedagogy. In her book, Sahana Singh’s “Revisiting the Educational Heritage of India”, the author expertly encapsulates the various facets of ancient Indian education system and the defining attributes of Bharat’s educational heritage that can be incorporated into the modern education system.

An ideal education system should satiate the inner curiosity of an individual, hone skills to help them to stand on their feet. Unfortunately, the current education system is turning out to be a miserable failure rolling out thousands of unemployables every year. The falling standards, the disconnect between the training provided and the need of the industry, and absence of vocational learning are turning to be bane on students of the modern Indian education. It is in this context that it becomes all the more pertinent to delve into ancient educational system whose foundations were rooted in imparting skills and enhancing the entrepreneurial acumen. Practical training has always been an integral part of the ancient education system.

Well-structured ancient learning had a system in place that ensured proliferation of a talent pool. Akin to the current day competitive exams, students were evaluated for their critical mental, cognitive and analytical faculties. Meritorious students were offered admission in the universities of higher learning while others were encouraged to practice vocational courses based on their interest and ability. This kind of compartmentalisation at an early stage ensured that highest standards are maintained both in industrial and vocational training and generation of a vast pool of custodians of higher knowledge. The cluster pool with practical skills as their forte exuded the spirit of entrepreneurship, and these have been instrumental in making ancient India a manufacturing hub of a variety of products. Alongside, the pioneering contributions of India’s intellectual giants made it a natural magnet for knowledge seekers and even spread scholarship in the neighbouring countries.

While it has been well documented that people from far and wide came to Bharat to study in our universities, what is less known is that Indian scholars often travelled to different countries and opened up opportunities for learning. Buddhist scholars like Kasyapa Matanga, Dharmaratna and others mostly from Kashmir- Buddhayasas, Dharmayasas, Dharmaksema, Buddhajiva and Dharmamitra moved to China carrying several manuscripts. Presence of huge collection of rare Sanskrit manuscripts in China and Tibet attests to this fact.

India has been knowledge powerhouse of the World. Sahana Singh’s books reflects her efforts to meticulously collates various sources of information such as manuscripts, inscriptions, oral history, travelogues, and various forms of literature that survived centuries of onslaught. Throughout her narration, the author refers to various recorded instances from the past that clearly reflects how Bharat and its rulers spread knowledge and dharma.

To illustrate the flow of knowledge from India to other countries, the author has compiled a chart that chronologically depicted the knowledge transfer from India. From 100 BCE onwards China began receiving Buddhist texts, knowledge of Ayurveda, Ophthalmology, Gynaecology, Obstetrics, Paediatrics, Psychology, Mathematics, Astronomy, Martial Arts from India. Pallava Prince Boddhidharma also known as Damo, known to be founder of Zen (Dhyana) who reached China began teaching physical drill which has become basis for the Shaolin Kungfu.

Xuanzang wrote that India was called Yin-Tu by Chinese which means moon. As it was the only country which illuminated the darkness into which the world had fallen after the passing of Buddha by providing a succession of learned sages. Chinese philosopher and former ambassador to the US, Hu Shih said that India has “conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border”. He added-

“Never before had China seen a religion so rich in imagery, so beautiful and captivating in ritualism and so bold in cosmological halting before a magnificent storehouse of precious stones of dazzling brilliancy and splendour, China was overwhelmed, baffled and overjoyed. She begged and borrowed freely from this munificent giver…. China’s indebtedness to India can never be fully told.”

Perceiving India as a major threat to its dominance while Xi’s hegemonistic China brazenly flexes its muscles and indulges in grey zone tactics, the Middle Kingdom considered India as intellectual giant of nonpareil

Similarly, the language Sanskrit has become forerunner for the Shittan script in Japan used to write mantras. Sanskrit was the language of administration in Cambodia and the Ta Prohm temple in Siem Reap used to be centre of learning. Even now several Sanskrit inscriptions are found in Champa (current day Vietnam), Kambuja (Cambodia). Hindu Kings of Java have developed language from Sanskrit called Kawi used to transmit Vedas, smritis and puranas. Similarly, medicine, Panchatantra, Astronomy, Arithmetic, Trigonometry, Algebra travelled to Persia and West Asia from 600 BCE.

The chapter titled- “Translations that powered a knowledge revolution” comprises of numerous instances of knowledge transfer from India and their subsequent adoption in different countries. Indeed, famous Greek thinkers -Euclid, Hipparchus, Theon, Archimedes, Hypatia are said to have used the sources of library of Alexandria in Egypt that had a rare collection of Indian manuscript.

From Egypt and West Asia, the translated versions of Indian works reached Europe. India’s scientific prowess and intellectual contributions has propelled a knowledge revolution or the Renaissance which has powered the World. While the Arabs acknowledged India as the source of the knowledge Europeans stealthily plagiarised the Indian works and brazenly belittled the original thinkers.

While the whole World benefitted India’s scholarship and pioneering advancements in various fields, unending trail of Islamic invasions inflicted a devastating blow on the knowledge ecosystem of India. Besides plundering the wealth of India, they grudgingly burnt the libraries and famed universities. Attacking pedagogues and forcibly seizing manuscripts the invaders destroyed the traditional local learning networks. Some invaders, carried back manuscripts got them translated and benefitted from them.

The over two century old British colonisation has completely destroyed the backbone of the Indian educational ecosystem with introduction of English and their system of education decrepit of vocational and industrial training. Disavowing to resurrect the Indian system of education even after independence, Indians miserably lost an opportunity to reclaim its position as knowledge leader of the World. Denuded of values and holistic approach, the western education system has been churning millions of deracinated, self-doubting Indians who abhor anything Indian. Devoid of innovation and original thinking, Indians are now reduced to work horses.

Further, selective interpretation of history, whitewashing of tyrants, distortion of facts to appease a section of society has irretrievably damaged the very foundation of critical and objective learning. Failing to infuse a sense of pride in their civilisation roots, the Indian education system has successfully produced a battalion of politically correct self-acclaimed intellectuals who have lost a direction and purpose in life. Indian education system must be salvaged from these ills.

To address this situation, it is important to re-examine the educational heritage of India and seek insights from the system that has positioned India as a knowledge fount. A relook at the educational traditions of ancient India will definitely help in devising a new methodology. Certainly, there is a dire need to infuse a civilisational pride and dharmic rootedness. Sahana Singh’s book ticks both these boxes.

In her book, Singh has succinctly laid out the attributes of India’s educational system that catapulted Bharat to the pinnacles of excellence. At a time when there is palpable enthusiasm towards reclaiming our civilisation, Singh through her diligent research has impeccably brought to fore the defining aspects of the knowledge edifice of ancient India. Underpinning the importance of practical training, need for competition and collaboration and institutionalization of education, she reflected on the rise and progress of learning ecosystem.

Accentuating on the nuances of the learning with memory training as an essential element, she demolishes the fallacy of equating it to rote learning.  Celibacy or leading a disciplined life exercising control on aspects like food, sleep and thoughts is considered to be an essential prerequisite for devoted learning. Aspirants of higher learning were mandated to practice law of continence which not only encapsulated the Hindu way of life but prevented people from going astray. Broaching on various features and dispelling the distorted narratives about Women’s education, Singh presents the overarching feature of ancient Indian learning.

For decades, half-brained intellectuals peddled lies and mocked the traditional knowledge wealth of India and malevolently showed Bharat in poor light. At odds with this false narrative the exhaustive repertoire of extracts in the book (backed by sources) enumerates the spread of India’s knowledge to distant lands. Be it Fibonacci numbers or the Pythagoras theorem or the decimal system or the Mendeleev’s periodic table or the Panini’s Ashtadhyayi as the source of higher machine language, rhinoplasty and several other contributions are all rooted to Indic knowledge system.

Unraveling and eloquently presenting the trail of Indic knowledge transmission and its export to Greece, Europe and West Asia, the author has instilled an admiration and veneration towards the pedagogy of our ancestors. Ideally this book should be an essential accompaniment to the regular academic curriculum to understand, reflect and conserve the traditional educational practices.

Humbled and motivated, now it is bounden duty as the proud inheritors of this exalted civilisation to seek answers from our ancient structured education system as we attempt to reconnect with past and overhaul our education system.

 

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Small countries lead the way in resisting Chinese aggression

Yet again 27 Chinese aircrafts, including eight J-16 jets and a Y-20 aerial refueling tanker entered Taiwan’s southwest air defense identification zone¹. Air space violation has become China’s favourite way of intimidating Taiwan and consolidating its sovereignty claims over the island. Aerial incursions by China have become a routine for China to express its severe condemnation. Apart from imposing sanctions on Taiwanese officials for their alleged separatist activists, China is now intensifying attacks on any country that expressed support to the democratic identity of Taiwan.

The recent show of aggressive comes in the wake of visit of lawmakers of Baltic States to Taiwan to attend the 2021 Open Parliament Forum hosted by Taiwan. Protesting the arrival of representatives from Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia, China flew jets. Prior to that China held joint military exercises in the Taiwan Straits to condemn the visit of US lawmakers to Taiwan. Ensconced by “strategic ambiguity” while the US has been relaying conflicting messages, in sharp contrast, Lithuania firmly resisted the China coercive diplomacy and inaugurated Taiwan’s defacto embassy at Vilnius.

For the first time in 18 years, Taiwan has opened an office in Europe. Unlike its other outposts across the World which are designated as “Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices”, the Vilnius office is opened under the name of “Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania”.

Sino-Lithuanian relations have been on the edge after the Baltic nation pulled out 17+1 China-CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries). Stating that China is using 17+1 to divide Europe Union and casting aspersions on Beijing’s respect for human rights, democracy and rule of law, Lithuania initially announced its stance of reviewing relations with Beijing. By the last week of May, Lithuania quit the agreement and announced that it will open a commercial office in Taiwan².

Around the same time, in response to China’s sanctions on various EU officials for their remarks on the human rights issues of Uighurs, EU put the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CIA) with Beijing on hold. True to its nature, wielding trade as the strategic weapon against Lithuania, China withdrew its ambassador and expelled the Lithuanian envoy, stopped the rail freight services and halted the trade between two countries.

With this, Lithuania joined the list of nations that were subjected to economic sanctions. The list included Norway, South Korea, Australia among others. Undeterred by China’s assertive actions, Lithuania continued its engagement and inaugurated the Taiwanese office in Vilnius.  EU and US must take a leaf from Lithuania.

The Chinese retaliation and sanctions against Lithuania provided fresh impetus to the discussions on a proposed new EU legislation designed to counter and deter the sanction by third countries against EU and its members. Should this legislation be passed, the EU would be empowered to impose trade, investment or other restrictions against the third countries. Unfortunately, the EU is visibly divided on this aspect with France and Germany keen on pursuing their economic interests.

What is really interesting is a Baltic minnow with a population of 3 million defying China’s bullying. China’s threats couldn’t deter the resolve Lithuanian government that affirmed “value-based foreign policy” of “supporting people supporting democratic movements”³. The David Vs Goliath fight has now inadvertently exposed the geopolitical ambitions of China. In the face of this coercion, Lithuanian foreign minister travelled to Washington, which pledged iron-clad support to the fellow NATO member.

Notwithstanding its puny size, Lithuania has firmly asserted its values. Indeed, Lithuania became the first nation to declare independence following the collapse of Soviet Union in 1990. Even now it is in logger heads with Russia and Belarus for sheltering the exiled dissident leader, Svetlana Tikhanovskaya. Lithuania has always stood up for what it believed is right. Lithuania which is no stranger to bullying and hectoring has been quick in rejecting China’s upmanship.

Unlike other countries that hardly made noise about the built-in feature of Chinese mobiles that censored terms like “Free Tibet”, “Long live Taiwan”, “Democracy movement” Vilnius banned the officials from using the Chinese origin phones for harbouring a censorship feature. In 2019, Chinese diplomats carried out a protest to counter a rally by Lithuanian citizens in support of Hongkong democratic movement. This incident witnessed minor scuffles and sowed deep distrust against Beijing.  

Rejecting the pressurizing politics of China, several Lithuanian leaders supported Taiwan friendship group and joined Taiwan national day celebration in 2020. Refusing to be muzzled, Baltic country, which serves as a transit corridor China to Europe, has blunted China’s attempt to silence it. Amid China’s latest attempts to further downgrade diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressurize other countries to restrict trade with Vilinus, Slovenia (current President of Council of EU) urged the Union to stand with Lithuania.

Similarly, in March, Romania booted out Chinese firms operating in telecom and nuclear sector, issued a sharp rebuke to President Xi and refused to send the President to the 17+1 Summit⁴. Defying Chinese threat and open provocation of “you’ve crossed the line” Czech Republic senate President met Taiwanese President⁵. China’s bullying and aggression reminds these countries of communist Soviet Union which they strongly detest. They approve that Chinese hectoring is a threat to democracy. This in particular is more visible to Baltic and Balkan countries, former communist states.

For seeking an investigation into origins of the Covid pandemic, China suspended trade with Australia. But Canberra refused to succumb to China’s pressure tactics. Diversifying trade, it sealed a security alliance with US and UK to bolster its sovereignty and security. Clearly, small countries are leading the way to take on the Dragon.

China’s ambitious agenda of reunification received a massive jolt with the election of President Tsai. To dent Taiwan’s attempts to have an identity, Beijing began coercing small Latin American and Pacific Island to severe ties with Taipei in lieu of investment and infrastructure assistance.  Since 2016, China enticed six countries to snap ties with Taiwan. Subsequently, the number of countries which maintain diplomatic ties with Taiwan fell to 14 after Kiribati and Solomon Islands switched their diplomatic allegiance from Taiwan to China in 2019.

Now simmering riots and torching of China constructed buildings in Solomon Islands has exposed the insidious power play and diplomacy of China. Demanding the ouster of Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare for cozying up to China, venting their anger for switching allegiances, protestors left a trail of destruction. Three people in China town were charred to death and Australian forces were called to restore normalcy. Foreign policy emerging as the moot point for protests appears to be strange. However, the nub of the unrest has been the $US 500 million promised by Beijing to Solomon Islands in exchange for terminating ties with Taiwan.

Allegedly the promised aid has been provided to the Islands as Constituency Development Fund as a direct payment to the MPs. Through dollar diplomacy, Beijing bought the politicians and the allegiance of the Island⁶. The opposition firmly opposed newly elected Prime Minister Sogavare’s move in 2019. Asserting that siding with China would compromise the Islands values on human rights and democracy, they sent an open letter. They are firmly opposed to the Communist ideology of China

The riots certainly have a precedence. In 2006 violent protests broke out in Solomon Islands over the claims of elections being rigged with the assistance of Chinese business people⁷. Playing into the apprehensions of the Islanders, China has been dominating the foreign policy since 2019.

China’s aggressive policies has failed to bring political acquiescence Beijing has anticipated. On the contrary, nations are drifting away from it. In his ruthless pursuit for its global ambitions, China has undermined the sovereignty and territorial integrity of nations with impunity. Nations are now turning the tide. At recently concluded China-ASEAN summit, commemorating thirty years of diplomatic ties, President Xi stated “China was, is and will always be ASEAN’s good neighbour, good friend and good partner of ASEAN” and that Beijing wouldn’t “bully its smaller neighbours”.

Ironically, this statement came at a time when the Philippines has strongly condemned the action of three Chinese boats that blocked and fired water cannon to drive away resupply boats headed towards Philippines-occupied atoll. ASEAN countries have been at the receiving end of Chinese expansionism and countries haven’t taken Xi’s words kindly.

At the ASEAN summit, Philippines President criticized China saying, “we abhor the recent event in the Ayungin Shoal and view with grave concern other similar developments”⁸ and rued about China’s failure to adhere to rule based-order. Though ASEAN is struggling to rise as a single unified voice, it is determinedly pushing back China’s hegemony. ASEAN didn’t concede to China’s lobbying of allowing Myanmar’s Min Aung Hlaing to the summit and forced it to send a non-political representative. Even the ASEAN joint statement reaffirmed the importance of uploading the rule-based order, commitment to freedom of navigation in South China Sea and freedom of flight over the waters as an oblique reference to China’s belligerence.

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Is the farm laws repeal one step back, two steps forward?

Given the poor appetite of Indian leadership for reforms, my first reaction to farm law repeal was “Sheer insanity”. The decision has elicited responses ranging from disappointment, anger to concern. Being a nation state India has been a ground for various vested interests and their agendas. For decades, development has been held hostage by political parties for their narrow electoral gains. The sudden announcement of withdrawal of the farm laws that can usher country into second green revolution on Guru Purub by Prime Minister Modi, has expectedly raised many hackles.

With a potential to revolutionise agricultural sector which employs over 45% of the population and benefit small and marginal farmers who constitute 95% of the farming community, enactment of farm laws was deemed as the 1991 moment for Indian agriculture. Considered as panacea for all the ails afflicting Indian agriculture, even the Congress party included the new farm laws in its manifesto.

Regarded as a game changer, the farm laws if implemented will boost agri-GDP and further much-needed crop diversification. Till now, guaranteed MSP resulted in highly skewed cultivation of Rice and Sugarcane which besides depleting the water table are contributing to increase in methane and nitrous oxide levels. Further the ever-bloating granaries of FCI, huge farm subsidies extended to farmers are sucking up the tax revenues which could have been used for development. Legislated farm laws besides addressing these issues could have been a huge boost for the revival of covid hit Indian economy. Now the annulment of farm laws has pushed the agriculture sector into doldrums.

The arhtiyas or the middle men who stand to lose economically from these new laws has stiffly opposed the new reforms. For the fear of antagonizing this influential community for eons political parties wavered from introducing new agri reforms in agriculture. Modi bite the bullet.

Sensing an opportunity in farmer’s opposition, threw weight behind the farmers who started protesting the farm laws. Those who objected to the new changes included the farmers from Punjab, Haryana, West Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. To allay fear and address grievances Modi government held 11 rounds of talks with farmers. But the talks to failed to break the impasse and the farmers intensified protests in the NCT region. Condemning the government for failing to communicate and take the stakeholders along, the Supreme Court expressed disappointment over government’s handling of farmers protests and suspended the implementation of the legislation.

Overruling the executive which is the heart of a functional democracy, SC stayed laws on Jan 12^th.  Accordingly, Centre decided to put farm laws on hold for 18 months. SC indeed constituted an expert committee to study the farm laws and consult the farmers organisations. The committee submitted the report on Mar 19^th. But till now the report isn’t made public.

Though the laws were suspended, digging in heels, the farmers organization continued to protest. A year of protests unraveled their true agenda. Under the banner of peaceful protests, the farmers enacted a Capitol Riots incident in India. Thronging the Red Fort on the Republic Day, the unruly mobs sporting Bhindranwale shirts and carrying traditional weapons erected Nishan Sahib flag on the staff used by Prime Minister to unfurl the tricolour on Independence Day. Giving the episode of anarchy a veneer of “ruthless regime crushing the agitating farmers”, the World media and the Indian ecosystem hushed the shameful act of the anti-national elements.

The succession of events that followed, exposed the vested interests that have been hand and glove with the agitation.  At a time when the country is non-plussed at the abject retreat and surrender of the Prime Minister, it is incumbent to shake off the collective amnesia and recount the one year of farmers protests that has been a den of vested interests of various hues.

Justifying the violence unleashed by protesting farmers, the ecosystem which termed the Capitol Riots a threat to democracy jumped in to vociferously defend the indefensible. Soon, the international media offered cover to the slanderous attack of the protestors on Indian flag and their attempt to vilify national pride.

Shortly, singer Rihanna, Greta Thunberg and niece of Vice President Kamala Harris tweeted in support of farmers. Meanwhile, an inadvertent leak of infamous ‘international tool kit’ by the juvenile environmentalist has completely exposed the agenda of global vested interests in farmers protests. Hence it should be unsurprising when Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau, Canadian Labour and Civil societies openly expressed solidarity with protesting farmers.  

A publication claimed that the second covid wave in India originated from farmers protest in Punjab. Defying the Covid appropriate behaviour and violating the epidemic act, protestors engaged in agitation. Interestingly, the courts which micromanaged the Covid situation and pulled up government for slack oxygen supply remained a mute spectator to a plausible covid timebomb ticking in the capital. Other than expressing concern, the courts remained meek spectators.

Protests in the NCT region paralysed the normal life and badly affected commercial activities. Though numerous petitions were filed to remove the protests, deprived of urgent hearing the national exchequer entailed severe losses. Delinquent approach of the law and order agencies ensured that the right to protest reigned even as other rights are hindered. The stunning silence of civil societies, the ecosystem, opposition parties had tacitly hinted of an uncanny nexus.

The farmers protests had its genesis in Punjab, a border state with Pakistan and ground for Sikh separatism and Sikh-Hindu discord. Indeed, a separate Sikh state has been a communist agenda too. With a history of unrest and secessionist activities, the state underwent an emotional churn. To avenge the 1971 humiliating defeat, Pakistan’s ISI stoked the secessionist Khalistani movement in Punjab and to win back the state politically, Indira Gandhi has propped up Bhindranwale, who ignited the Sikh fervour. This potent concoction pushed the state into chaos and turned into a terrorist hub. The separatists were weeded out and terrorism was extricated from Punjab with super heroic efforts.

Over the years, Sikhs became very conscious of their symbolism of resisting anything which they deem to be oppressive. Conceiving the farms laws to be inimical to their interests Sikhs began to oppose them tooth and nail. This resistance partially stemmed from a conception that Modi is an authoritarian leader. In the meanwhile, the anti-Hindu forces, Break India forces, left wing radicals used this occasion to carry out insidious propaganda that deepened alienation and disaffection.

Pakistan’s deep state sought to weaponize the resentment of farmers through Khalistanis to create unrest in India. Pregnant with disaffection towards the Indian dispensation over the farm laws, the farmers movement changed it trajectories. Gradually the initial peaceful rail and road blockades and sit-in-dharnas graduated to violent attacks on toll gates.

Aflush with funds from Khalistanis in North America, the movement infiltrated with politicians, activists and separatists, aspired to keep the agitation simmering. Reports of rapes and recovery of a body of a farm labour with his left arm hacked, tied to a barricade at the protest site, lynching at Lakhimpur Kheri have been the manifestations of the new agenda. Even the goal posts of the protests changed from total repeal of laws to political fight against Modi government.

Investigations of cash trial to person who hoisted Nishan Sahib flag could be traced to secessionist groups. The video of Gurupatwant Singh Pannu of SFJ linking the farmers protests to 1984 have confirmed the worst fears of Khalistani links to the farmers protests.

India dispatched a three member NIA team to Canada to investigate the links, similarly it condemned the UK government of allowing the Khalistan referendum on Oct 31^st and radicalization of Sikh Diaspora. Since the farmers agitation Sikh radicals in UK started holding protests condemning farm laws and participating in anti-India protests at the behest of Pakistan’s ISI. Having received a shot in arm with the fall of Kabul to Taliban, Pakistan is slowly intensifying its anti-India activities through the Sikh radicals.

The Pakistan-Taliban nexus now has covert support of China which refuses to disengage with Indian troops at LAC. NSA Ajit Doval’s references to civil societies, which condoned the anarchy of farmers protests under the banner of peaceful agitation, is a clear signal that the protestors in cahoots with anti-India forces are on a mission mode to create unrest and chaos in India all in the name of registering their opposition to farm laws.

With elections around the corner, analysts widely alleged that BJP’s penchant to win the polls as the main reason for this sudden withdrawal. In reality, the Sino-Pakistan nexus is hell bent on capitalizing the domestic political fissures is egging on anti-Modi elements to destabilise India. Punjab being a border state with a Sikh majority is vital for the security of the country. In lieu of internal and external stability, in 2018, Union cabinet approved the development of Kartarpur Corridor at a meeting to commemorate the 550^th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Devji.  The following year Kartarpur corridor was officially opened for Indian delegation on Guru Purub. Two years hence, when Modi declared the withdrawal on the most auspicious occasion for Sikhs, the move was seen as an attempt to placate the Sikhs who strongly opposed the agricultural reforms

Modi government hasn’t been averse to risks. Months ahead of 2017 UP elections, cognizant of electoral fall out, Modi announced demonetization. Scrapping of farm laws will deny the opposition parties a vital electoral agenda in the upcoming Punjab polls. But this move is unlikely to brighten BJP’s poll prospects especially in Punjab. The impact of the decision on UP elections could be an interesting watch.

Announcing the withdrawal of farm laws, Modi tendered an apology to farmers. The words, “kisano keliye kiya tha desh ke liye wapis le raha hoon” has rightly summed up the import of the decision. While the decision is a great set back to the reform process, Modi’s attempt to win back embittered Sikhs would go a long way in building bridges of trust. It has been an endeavour to attenuate the bitterness and alienation, which has pushed Sikhs into Pakistan’s embrace during 1970s and 1980s.

On the flip side, this surrender is a huge win for anarchists. Invoking the farmers protest template anarchists will extract their pound of flesh to derail reforms and development projects. Mainstreaming of protest culture can pose a danger to the well-structured functioning democracy. Modi’s capitulation can dent his credibility as a reformist committed to economic revival and development.

Certainly, this has been a tough call.

Is one step backward worth it? Only time can tell…

 

China Asserts Supremacy of its Ideology for Global Domination

World is at crossroads. Nations are trying to assert their power. The Middle Kingdom making no secret of its global power ambitions is unleashing its hegemony. Accumulating the much-needed financial heft, China has stormed into the top slot. Tripling its wealth in the past two decades, China has overtaken the US as the richest country in terms of net worth.

Aside its rise as an economic superpower, China aspired to position its ideology as supreme to the contemporary world. Leading and dominating this ideological battle has been integral to China’s ambitions. Pivoting its growth on all aspects ranging from trade, investment, infrastructure, space, science &technology, AI and semi-conductors, China harboured the long cherished dream of dominating the world.

Plethora of events in the recent past- ruthless incursions into Taiwanese airspace, salami slicing across the LAC, coercive agreements with Bhutan, relentless intimidation in the South China sea, and the Land Boundary Law have been nothing but the manifestations of entrenched expansionist leitmotif of the Middle Kingdom. Along the unabashed hegemonic overdrive, China is now edifying its domestic defences and establishment imbuing overdoses of ideological insemination.

The sixth plenum of 19^th Central Committee of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) held from Nov 8^th to 11^th has indeed, served the purpose of enrooting and affirming support to the guiding ideology. During the five year period of each central committee, traditionally seven plenums are held. The 1^st and 2^nd discuss party and state posts, 3^rd and 4^th discuss major political matters dealing agriculture, reform and law. 5^th plenum is dedicated for draft of five year plan, 6^th for ideology and party building, 7^th is for preparing for party Congress¹. In line with the tradition, the 6^th plenum focused on ideology and party building and concomitantly asserting faith in the leadership of general secretary of CCP and President of China.  

The sixth plenum is considered important since it sets ideological agenda. Indeed, the manifesto of sixth plenum of 2011 and 2016 have presciently laid out the manifestations of Xi era. The 2011 plenum firmly outlined strengthening of ideology and imposition of strict controls on education, culture, internet, literature religion and society¹. Accordingly, in his first term Xi religiously implemented the manifesto of sixth plenum. The 2016, plenum was centered on ‘Guidelines on Intra-party political line’ and ‘Rules of intra-party supervision’. In line with guidelines of the plenum resolution, the regime unleashed a series of political and rectification campaigns.

Sixth plenum has thus been very important. Since the announcement of plenum, Chinese observers focused on the close similarities with 2021 plenum to 1945 and 1981 resolutions that underpinned the pre-eminent status of the great helmsman Mao Zedong and the reformist Deng Xiaoping. The 2021 plenum has passed a resolution on the history of CCP, the third such occasion in the past 100 years that culminated in positioning Xi alongside the other two pre-eminent leaders.

Earlier in 2016, Xi was designated as ‘leadership core of the party’ and with ‘Xi Jinping thought’ being inscribed into the state constitution in 2018, Xi’s stature was elevated to that of the pre-eminent leaders Mao and Deng. While officially Xi is considered as the Core Leader on par with Mao, the founder of PRC, this plenum has officially reiterated its stance.

Being an opaque administration, the plenums and its official statement are closely watched to understand the future course the CCP is likely to charter. The 2021 plenum passed a resolution titled- ‘Resolution of the CCP Central Committee on the Major Achievements of Historical Experience of the Party’s Centuries of Struggle’ and officially expressed faith in the core leadership.  

Though there wasn’t any explicit mention of extension of Xi’s term beyond 2022, by doing away with succession plans and term limits in 2018, the fait accompli is Xi’s continuation in power as the President.

The import of the Xi’s consolidation can be gauged by his stern warning to the US President over the Taiwan issue. At a time when the US is scrambling to evolve a robust China policy, having strengthened its internal and external defenses, Beijing is dictating terms to the US. On Taiwan, President Biden said, US is committed to “one China policy” and that Washington “strongly opposes unilateral efforts to change the status quo or undermine peace and stability across Taiwan Straits”. This ambiguous posturing devoid of incisiveness was in sharp contrast to Beijing’s warning which stated that any support to Taiwan from the US would be “like playing with fire”². The virtual summit, held shortly after the sixth plenum reflected the renewed confidence of Xi, head of everything in China.

Notably, the 2021 resolution has been forward looking devoid of any intent to learn from past mistakes which has been the biggest takeaway from the Mao’s 1945 resolution. In cahoots with Xi’s policy of “historical nilihism” of deliberately expunging the inconvenient truths of Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, the brain child of CCP, the plenum backed and praised the efforts of CCP. It pondered on the need to act with great resolve and stronger sense of purpose staying true to the party’s foundation mission. It insisted on staying committed to communist ideals and socialistic convictions to make the country prosperous, strong and bring happiness to the people.

Precisely, the 100 years of CCP was divided into three eras- Mao credited for ushering PRC into new era, Deng for the reform era and Xi for third age of ‘Chinese Marxism’. China has adopted Soviet Union’s ideology of Marxism-Leninism. Drawing lessons from the collapse of Soviet Union, China which has attained its objective of relative prosperity is now on a mission mode to reimplant the ideological moorings among the citizens.  

Xi’s push for “common prosperity”, the basic tenet of the Mao ideology and sharp escalation of official crackdown on excesses in industries has been an attempt to assert socialism with Chinese characteristics. Upholding socialism has become the mainstay of CCP. Mirroring this new course, the 2021 plenum hailed Mao’s power of ‘adapting Marxism to Chinese context’, Deng’s ‘socialism with Chinese characteristics’, Jiang Zemin’s ‘theory of three represents’, Hu Jintao’s ‘scientific outlook on development’ and Xi Jinping’s ‘thought on socialism with Chinese characteristic for new era’. The resolution called for the full implementation of Xi’s thought for driving the ‘historic process of national rejuvenation’.

Central Committee stated that “with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, has demonstrated great historical initiative, tremendous political courage and a powerful sense of mission” and commended him for the “unified leadership for advancing our great struggle, great project, great cause and great dream”³.

Upholding the One-China Principle and 1992 consensus, the Central Committee opposed “Taiwan independence”. The plenum recognized the promotion of national reunification promotion through the “one country two systems” policy.  It expressed satisfaction over China’s increasing international influence, appeal and power. Stating that “the party has proved to be great, glorious and correct”, the CCP has unequivocally attributed the rapid strides of China to this ideology.

Unapologetic about the ideology that led to killing of 40 million people, the 2021 plenum decided to meet for 20^th National Congress at Beijing in the second half of 2022 and signed off with a big and bold message- “We must use Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods to observe, understand and steer the trends of the times, and constantly deepen our understanding of the laws underlying governance by a communist party, the building of socialism, and the development of human society”.

The west aided China’s rise premised on a delusion of prosperous societies becoming open. Thriving on a heady ideological sinew of national rejuvenation, avenging century of humiliation, one China policy, nine dashed line, China is rearing to realise the second centenary goal of reunification of Taiwan with mainland. 

Having failed to impose checks on its unabashed expansionist adventures, the world in general and its neighbouring country India must up its guard against the bully.

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Delhi Declaration Reaffirms India’s Commitment to the Security of Afghanistan

On August 15^th, Taliban took over Kabul ushering the country into a despotic rule. India at the helm of UNSC presidency during the Kabul fall has been instrumental in bringing out the UNSC resolution 2593 to effectively deal with Taliban in Afghanistan. The resolution passed on Aug 30^th demands that Afghan territory shouldn’t be used to threaten or attack any other country or to shelter and train terrorists.

The resolution calls for safe passage and departure of Afghans and foreigners who wish to leave Afghanistan, unhindered access to UN agencies, strengthening of efforts for humanitarian assistance to the country, upholding the rights of women, minorities, children and sought for an inclusive and negotiated political settlement.

Unlike other legislations, UNSC resolution carries some heft. Donning the leadership role, India played a crucial role in reaching a global consensus on Afghanistan situation. Notably, this has been first legislation that acknowledged Taliban as defacto in charge of Afghanistan.

With this India has indicated that it is adjusting to the reality of Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Though this change of approach doesn’t state that India is ready to do business with Taliban or anything close to recognizing it. But this necessarily demonstrates that India will not abjure its stakes in Afghanistan.

In tandem with the new policy, a day after the UNSC resolution, Indian delegation led by envoy Deepak Mittal held discussions with head of Taliban’s political official Sher Mohammed Stanekzai at Doha² for safe and early return of Indian nationals.

On Oct 21^st, weeks, ahead of the proposed Delhi Security Dialogue, Indian delegation led by JP Singh met representatives of Taliban along the sidelines of Moscow Format meeting expressing readiness to provide humanitarian assistance³. Expressing concern over the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan, in his online address to G20 Summit, Prime Minister Modi stressed on the need for ensuring “immediate and unhindered access” to humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan.

India has always supported the people of Afghanistan, their aspirations. Hence instituted several capacity building and developmental projects in all Afghan provinces. Wary of escalating food crisis, India had planned to send 50,000MT of wheat to Taliban ruled Afghanistan and placed formal request with Pakistan but India hasn’t received any reply. India has been sending nearly 1 lakh MT of wheat to Afghanistan for nearly two decades. In 2002, Pakistan refused India access to Afghanistan through its territory and ever since India relied on the circuitous Chabahar route for transit.

As opposed to India’s developmental role, Pakistan exulted Taliban takeover of Afghanistan and quickly instituted a friendly pro-Islamabad regime in Kabul and asserted its control. Three months hence, Afghanistan has plunged into worst humanitarian crisis. Hunger and famine pushed thousands of families into extreme poverty. Governance has come to a halt. Now, the devastating consequences of migration from Afghanistan and the security threats are unsettling the immediate and extended neighbourhood.

In wake of the escalating uncertainty, to address the security challenges of Afghanistan called for a dialogue with regional countries. Indian NSA Ajit Doval convened the Third Regional Security Dialogue on Afghanistan with NSAs of seven regional players- Russia, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan that have crucial stakes in security and stability of Afghanistan on Nov 10^th.  Terming “a spoiler can’t be a peacemaker”¹ Pakistan NSA Yusuf Moeed, turned down India’s invitation. Soon, China followed the suit. Citing “scheduling issues”, Beijing skipped the regional dialogue.

Ironically, Chinese special envoy attended the Troika plus meeting hosted by Pakistan a day after Delhi Dialogue. The absence of Pakistan and China has been along expected lines. Vindicating popular opinion, The Global Times, carried out an op-ed on Delhi dialogue which read, “India wants to use the event to show its influence in regional affairs and strike a blow at Pakistan…… With China, Pakistan’s absence, India-hosted Afghan meeting (is) unlikely to yield tangible results”⁴.  

GT propaganda made it amply clear that the Iron brothers are determined to undermine India’s efforts. Pakistan has always been reluctant to engage with India on Afghanistan for the fear of losing its dominance. It has always sought to marginalize India’s role and downplayed India’s developmental efforts.

India condemned Pakistan’s decision to skip NSA level talks as reflective of its mindset of viewing Afghanistan as its protectorate. Indeed, US Congressional Research Service voiced similar opinion stating, “Pakistan has long played an active and by many accounts, disruptive and destabilizing role in Afghan affairs, including through the provision of support to the Taliban”⁵. For decades, Pakistan stonewalled the economic integration of South Asia via SAARC.  Now, it is impeding the regional cooperation in Afghanistan issue as well.

Pakistan seeks to gain ‘strategic depth’ in Central Asia through Afghanistan and Beijing needs Afghanistan for smooth operationalization of OBOR. Afghanistan is crucial for the geopolitical aspirations of China and Pakistan. The resurgence of Taliban is an opportunity for both to achieve their objectives. Defying international consensus, Pakistan and China have been providing support to Taliban.

Russia, on the other hand has been toeing a middle path. It participated in Delhi Dialogue and Troika plus meet. Indeed, its dichotomy is reflected in dissonance of its envoys as well. While Russian NSA Patrushev on his first visit to India days after telephonic conversation between Modi and Putin on August 24^th expressed security concerns to Russia due to Afghanistan, its special envoy Zamir Kabulov who attended Troika plus backed, “engage and recognize Taliban” approach.

Be as it may, Russian participation had lent much weight to Delhi Dialogue and NSA Doval stated that Russia first came up with the idea that India should host a security dialogue on Afghanistan. China and Pakistan aren’t keen on restoring peace and stability in the region. On the contrary, Iran, Russia and Central Asian countries are wary of the security threats emanating from Afghanistan. Privy to the ramifications on their respective nations during the previous Taliban regime, a surge in violence across their borders is now unsettling them.

India’s legitimate concerns find congruence with regional countries that have clearly acknowledged New Delhi’s leadership. Presence of seven regional NSA exemplifies the same. Aiming at bringing out stability in Afghanistan, India laid out a clear framework- the Delhi Declaration. All countries “reiterated strong support for a peaceful, secure and stable Afghanistan while emphasizing the respect for sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity and non-interference in its internal affairs”⁶. This is an apparent dig at Pakistan which treats Afghanistan as a protectorate and the Sino-Pak strategy of capitalizing on Afghanistan’s situation for their geopolitical ambitions.

Regional countries have been at the receiving end of terrorist attacks emanating from Afghanistan in the past and now have unequivocally “condemned in strongest terms all terrorist activities and reaffirmed their firm commitment to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including its financing, the dismantling of terrorist infrastructure and countering radicalization, to ensure that Afghanistan would never become a safe have for global terrorism”. China and Pakistan have coopted terror agencies and peddled oxymoronic “good and bad terrorism theory”. Delhi Declaration calls for international scrutiny and collaboration to contain the menace of terrorism that is threatening to extend its tentacles.

Latest UN figures state that 85% of world’s opium is produced in Afghanistan. Drugs have been an important source of revenue for Taliban. Taliban thrived on the funds of narco-trade to sustain the jihadi movement. The rise of Taliban has compounded the menace of drug trafficking and the participants of Delhi Dialogue, who have been victims of narco-terrorism “called for a collective cooperation against the menace of radicalization, extremism, separatism and drug trafficking in the region”.

Finally, a stable Afghanistan can’t be realized without the participation of all stakeholders in governance and humanitarian assistance. Delhi Dialogue rightly emphasized on these aspects- stressed the need for an open and inclusive government which ensures that fundamental rights of women, children, minorities are not violated. It also called on UN agencies to continue to play a role in Afghanistan to ensure unimpeded distribution of aid to all sections of the society.

Irrespective of the regime, India has always supported the ordinary Afghans. Reaffirming its commitment to the country, despite the Sino-Pak nexus attempting to derail a regional cooperative framework, India reached out to countries for a broader regional coalition on Afghanistan. Shedding its historical reticence, asserting her legitimate interests in restoring peace and stability, India adopted a pragmatic approach towards Afghanistan.

An unstable Afghanistan is a disaster in making. While mild-mannered Taliban diplomats in the recent past tried to project Taliban 2.0 as an inclusive and open force, unrelenting violence, targeted attacks on minorities have inexorably exposed their true nature. Afghanistan crisis needs a long term solution and a committed coalition. Though the dialogue may not yield immediate results, Delhi regional security dialogue underscores India’s firm commitment towards Afghanistan. It establishes India’s role as an important regional player in ensuring peace and development of Afghanistan.

Taliban welcomed the Delhi Dialogue and said, “the India meeting is effective for Afghanistan because India is one of the aid-providing countries to Afghanistan and it is now interested in supporting Afghanistan”⁷. Reportedly, at the Troika plus meeting held by Pakistan, Taliban representative asked PM Imran Khan to facilitate the transport of Indian wheat through Wagah port to Afghanistan and reinstitute visa services.

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India Positive Citizen Perspectives

 Positivity as a vibe has a tremendous potential for transformation. Determined to perpetuate positive vibes for the transformation of our country, Savitha Rao has endearingly brought out a book titled- “Putting #INDIAFIRST: India Positive Citizen Perspectives”. In response to a clarion call by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his Mann Ki Baat address, Rao published this book originally planned for 2022. Drawing inspiration from India Positive Citizen concept, she expedited the timeline and launched the book by August 2021.

Broaching the aspect of her ambitious timeline, in the foreword, the author says, “emblematic of new India that believes in speed”, she has advanced the book launch. The book written with a great sense of purpose, commitment and above all an unflinching love for the country makes an earnest appeal to the youngsters to have an emotion of “this is my India”. To instill this sense, the author documents and curates the profiles of outstanding positive Indians who made difference to the society and advocates the concept of giving back.

Exemplifying the joy of giving the author states, “kindness and generosity coupled with purpose, creativity and discipline will create a new world”.

The choice of the icons and the stalwarts referenced to imbue positivity are awe-inspiring. The panoply includes- service personnel, industrialists, educationalists, sportsman, scientists, writers, psychologist, businessmen, economists, spiritualist, innovators, agriculturalists, nature lovers and yoga therapists.

The book which is the first volume in the series carries meaningful snippets, experiences and messages of Positive Citizen and features- Ajay Pirmal, Subedar Bana Singh, Ashish Kumar Chauhan, BK Shivani, Dr K Radha Krishnan, Dr Krishna Ella, Krishnamachari Srikkanth, Air Marshal Ravinder Kumar Dhir, Dr R S Sodhi, General V P Malik,  Mohan Das Pai, B Nagesh, Meghna Girish, Dr H R Nagendra, Ami Shroff, Dr Kumud Joshi, Vikas Manhas, Dr Nagraj Hegde, Dr Padmaja Suresh, Srikanth Bolla, Dr Gobardan Das, Major D P Singh, Gopal Sutariya, Dr Karsan Bhai Patel, Dr Rajat Mitra, Biplab Paul, S Vijay Kumar and Peepal Baba.

Each of them shares their own mantra of success, their guiding force that promoted them to prod on and persevere. Every day we come across various success mantras generously shared on social media by influencers. But its effusive gush of motivation is so transient. On the contrary, a real-life experience of toil and grit casts a phenomenal impact on the psyche of a person. The book, essentially distils those experiences of ordinary Indians who have made brilliant contributions to motivate people into guided actions.

The common thread that runs through the book is the peerless love of the country. “My India, My Pride” seems to be the driving force for all of them. Investing their energies and resources into a gamut of their expertise these India Positive Citizens have made a significant difference.  Rooted in values, harnessing inner power and firming adhering to ethics, through self-less service, they contributed towards nation building.

With a fire in belly and a conviction to give back to society, these real life heroes can be an inspiration to the younger generation in this self-centered society. Enriched by the perspectives of uniquely talented individuals who by the dint of hard work touched the pinnacles of success, the book attempts to subtly infuse the idea of nation-building. Exhorting that, “nation building is not the responsibility of few”, the author goads readers to realise their responsibilities towards country.

Contemporary slanted discourse is dominated by the fierce rebellion that revels in picking on the government for failing to uphold the fundamental rights of the citizens. Amid this expostulation, the reality of rights and duties/ responsibilities go hand in hand and are interconnected is completely lost. It is time citizens should introspect their contributions towards nation. Or their value addition towards the process of nation-building.

For long the country celebrated inappropriate and undeserving individuals, the new India with largest youth population clearly need new idols, new models who can motivate them, nurture and channelize their energies towards building a prosperous nation. A nation ready to reclaim to its past glory, revive its civilization and be a Vishwa Guru.

Bringing to light the stories of several unsung heroes drawn from different walks of life and demographics, the author rightly drives home this message. Every effort matters. Often small changes can steer a movement that can change the trajectory of a nation. Replete of positivity and pragmatic aspirations, the book written in simple language is built on the foundation of creating a feeling of belongingness towards nation.

Curating the messages of the India Positive Citizen perspectives, the author attempts to sow a seed of change and infuse positivity through the book. Faced with myriad challenges both internal and external, it is incumbent on the citizens of a 1.3 billion population to resolutely strive towards security and prosperity of nation. This book is an attempt to create a national spirit and drive people towards “my nation first” approach.

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K.M Munshi's Bhagvan Parshuram

Adaptations of our itihasas has over the years evolved into a powerful genre of writing. Retaining the essence of itihasas while subtly delivering the message and underscoring its relevance, Indian authors strived to maintain a perfect balance. This nuanced writing of connecting the current generation to the exquisite ancient repositories of knowledge played a tremendous role in enhancing general understanding and appreciation of Indic civilisation. Such writings have been on an ascendant in the recent past.

KM Munshi’s Bhagavan Parshuram, the English translation of a Gujarati novel of the same name is amongst the front-runners of Indic writings. Bhagavan Parshuram revered as the sixth avatara of Bhagavan Vishnu is held in high esteem. Considered to be an immortal (Chiranjeevi) and believed to be living on the Earth even till day, Parshuram is among the category of six other legends that evokes intrigue and fascination. Acclaimed as slayer of Kshatriyas who wavered path of dharma and reckoned as his act of cutting-off of his mother’s head upon father’s command for harbouring unchaste thoughts, Parshuram, the revered Brahmin rishi is renowned for aggression, martial skills, serenity, prudence and patience.

Mirroring the unique traits of Bhagavan Parshuram, KM Munshi in his novel, an adaptation of Dasarjana of Rg Veda-The Battle of Ten Kings, scripts a fiction which diligently intertwines the stories of Rishi Vishwamitra and Parshuram. The fast-paced novel, comprising of several plots and sub-plots staged in the Rg Veda era, centres around the River Saraswati. 

Unambiguously rebutting the pernicious Aryan Invasion theory, the novel is in part an ode to the Saraswati civilisation that has been the defining aspect of the Indic civilisation. Outlining the framework of Rg vedic society which rested on the pillars of the Rta (Law of Righteousness), Tapas and Dharma, KM Munshi introduces various clans of the Vedic era which includes- the Bharatas, the Bhrigus, the Trishtas, the Dasyus, the Yadavas, the Nagas, the Haihayas and the Aghoras.

Termed as Sapta Sindhu, the land through which Saraswati flows, the region was considered extremely sacred and held in great esteem. The residents of the region were deemed to be virtuous or designated as Aryans. Aryans firmly believed in the Law of Rta as opposed to Dasyus who defied it.  This became the reason for incessant fights between the Aryans and Dasyus.

Aryans which included the Bharatas, Bhrigus, Trishtas took upon themselves the task of defending Law of Rta. Introducing the rich lineage of Bhrigus which traces its origins to Maharishi Bhrigu, KM Munshi in his novel, eloquently begins the story from Sage Richika, the father of Jamadagni.

First part of the book details the close familial relationship between Jamadagni, Vishwaratha (who eventually gains acclaim as Vishwamitra), Vashishta, the brother of Sage Agastya, Sudasa, son of the Trishta King Divodasa. Incidentally all of them the advocates of Law of Rta study together at Agastya Ashram.

But the destiny of the Aryans takes a drastic turn with the kidnapping of Vishwaratha, the inheritor of Bharatas by Dasyus. During his captivity at Tugra Fort, Vishwaratha falls in love with Ugra, the princess of Dasyus. Pledging life-long support and companionship Vishwaratha to her, he not only challenges the existing societal order but also attempts to transform the deeply entrenched divide between the Aryans and non-Aryans.

Advocating the assimilation of Dasyus into Aryan society, Vishwaratha earns the love of Dasyus and wrath of Aryans. But eventually with his eclectic persuasion powers he manages to bring the two tribes together. In the process, Vishwaratha becomes renowned as Vishwamitra (friend of all). Unfortunately, this semblance of assimilation gets disrupted with the abduction of daughter-in-law of Sudasa by Dasyu successor Bheda.

While the second part of the story delves into the extraordinary martial skills, valour, patience and phenomenal commitment of Parshuram or Rama, as he is popularly called towards Dharma. Since his young age, the valorous Rama demonstrates his unflinching conviction towards upholding dharma.

As a saviour of the weak and emancipating the oppressed, Rama wins the hearts of the people living along the fringes of the society. Parshuram’s efforts to resurrect the Yadava clan and upliftment of Nagas and his encounters and friendly overtures with the man-eating Aghoras and his extirpation of the Haihayas who violates all the precepts of Dharma with impunity vividly exemplifies the overarching traits of Bhagavan Parashuram. Parashuram who leads a nomadic life with his love Lomaharshini, sister of Sudasa, makes unrelenting efforts to establish Dharma wherever he goes.

Indeed, the two parts of the book attempt to portray two different leaders-Vishwamitra and Bhagavan Parashuram who in their own ways attempt to establish the Law of Rta.  Understandably, Dharma has been the moral compass for these torch bearers who fought for inclusivity and aspired for the well-being of the society.

Interestingly, the two parts of the book revolve around River Saraswati of Sapta Sindhu and River Reva of Anupdesh (present day Gujarat) respectively. River Reva is considered as sister of River Saraswati. Replete with so many familiar legendary characters the novel certainly stirs up the curiosity of readers. Published seven decades ago, KM Mushi’s lucid Bhagavan Parshuram can be an excellent inspiration for modern writers aspiring to work on Indic themes.

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