China’s expansive claims have brought yet another geographical arena to the brink of severe confrontation. The region in context is the South China Sea. Laying claims to over 90% of the South China Sea, China completely usurped the region undermining the rights of six countries- the Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Taiwan.
In 2016, the Philippines took the matter to the Permanent
Court of Arbitration (PCA) which invalidated the Chinese claims over the
Western Philippines Sea which falls within 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ). Notwithstanding the ruling, Beijing continued to advocate
its Nine-Dash Line Doctrine. President Rodrigue Duterte's pragmatic China
policy, setting aside the tribunal ruling in the immediate aftermath made
Beijing more assertive. His successor, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr recalibrated
the foreign policy priorities and began diversifying ties with countries and
firmed up relationship with the US. This shift was marked by increased
confrontations on the maritime front, which at times are turning fatal. Water
cannon attacks on the Philippines vessels carrying supplies to BRP Sierre Madre,
a warship housing soldiers by the Chinese Coast Guards have raised tension
between both countries. The ship was
intentionally grounded in 1999 to assert the sovereignty of the Philippines.
Amid the rising diplomatic friction, the Philippines first
showed interest in BrahMos in 2019. In 2022, Manila signed a military contract
with New Delhi for the delivery of three batteries of anti-ship variant
BrahMos. Alongside, the Philippines reinvigorated a Mutual Defence Treaty
alliance with the US that suffered neglect under the Duterte regime. To counter
Chinese belligerence, the Philippines in 2023 announced four additional bases
under the Enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) taking the expansion to
a total of nine sites on a rotational basis.
Parallelly, countries launched the largest joint military
exercise, Balikatan, which included novel boat-sinking skills as well. China
perceived the renewed agreement with the US with suspicion and the collision
course between the Chinese Coast Guards, Filipino personnel and fishermen
increased. Marcos Jr also signed a defence agreement with Japan and announced
joint drills with Australia. Given, Chinese unrelenting provocations, these
ties eventually matured into a mini lateral, Squad, in April 2024.
Other than the Pacific partners, the Philippines started
including India in its strategic calculus. At the 4th India-Philippines
Joint Commission on Bilateral Cooperation, (JCBC) countries agreed to
strengthen defence engagement and maritime cooperation, especially in defence
training and procurement of defence equipment1. In June 2020,
immediately after the Galwan incident, the Indian Navy deployed a ship to the
SCS to demonstrate its deterrence capabilities. Indeed, the Indian Navy also
deployed frontline vessels along the Malacca Straits, the region from where
Chinese vessels enter the India Ocean Region (IOR)2.
At the 5th edition of JCBC in 2023, countries
underlined the “need for peaceful settlement of disputes and for adherence
to international law, especially UNCLOS and the 2016 Arbitral Award on the
South China Sea”3. China’s assertive posture and
territorial claims along the LAC and the SCS have substantially disrupted the
stability of the region. Shedding customary caution, India took a nuanced dig
at China to respect international law.
China’s aggressive posturing has culminated in India
revamping the “Act East Policy” and strengthening security partnerships with
ASEAN countries. India has elevated its relationship with ASEAN countries to a Comprehensive
Strategic Partnership in 2022 and held the inaugural maritime exercises in 2023
aligning with the strategy of active engagement with the Indo-Pacific region.
This served India’s twin-pronged approach of commitment to regional security
and of becoming a potential alternative to Chinese dominance and its unilateral
actions.
India’s principled approach besides adhering to the international
maritime order potentially challenges China’s dominance in the South China Sea
region. While Chinese provocations and dangerous escalations intensified since
2023 with Chinese vessels blocking and ramming the Philippines ship taking
supplies to the Second Thomas Shoal, by rescuing the Filipino sailors India has
burnished its credentials as a responsible stakeholder in the region. In
response to the Houthi Red Sea attacks, the US Navy and 40 other navies
launched “Operation Prosperity Guardian” to ensure the safe passage of vessels
through the troubled waters.
India declined the invitation to join the US initiative but
instead, to ‘secure the seas’ and protect the maritime community, launched “Operation
Sankalp”. Within 100 days, India undertook 1000 boarding operations, saved
110 people, escorted 15 lakh tonnes of essential commodities, seized 3000 kg
narcotics and assured 450 Merchant Vessels (MV)s of Indian presence4.
President Marcos expressed gratitude to India during EAM
Jaishankar’s visit to Manila in March for the swift rescue operations for
rescuing the crew which included Filipinos on the hijacked vessel MV Confidence4.
The Indian Navy’s rescue missions have earned the goodwill of countries for
their proactive maritime security operations. According to an estimate, over a
quarter of seafarers deployed on international shipping vessels are Filipinos. In
November 2023, India offered the Philippine Coast Guard seven helicopters for
rescue operations.
Convergence of common concerns, Chinese maritime activism
and shared interests has brought India and the South China Sea nations closer.
With its active role as the “First Responder”, India is steadily
buttressing its stature as a “Preferred Security Partner” in the region.
Indeed, Jaishankar’s Manila visit amid increasing
Philippines-China tensions and ahead of the delivery of the BrahMos missiles
had an unmissable strategic dimension to it. It came at a time when Manila
summoned the Chinese ambassador for Beijing’s “aggressive actions”.
Reiterating India’s firm support to the Philippines “for upholding its
national sovereignty”, Jaishankar called for “strict adherence to
rules-based order… in its entirety both in letter and spirit”. India’s
statement has riled China which shot back saying, that in the maritime issues
between the two countries, a third country has no right to interfere. To which,
India remarked- “as a nation deeply invested in the region because of its
Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision, India follows all developments with
great interest”5.
Besides the ongoing standoff that has entered the fifth year,
Chinese has increased its presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). China is
making forays into the region by deploying spy ships under the guise of
research vessels with increased periodicity. Nearly every Notice to Airmen
(NOTAM) announcement in India is accompanied by a Chinese vessel deployment
close to Indian waters. Paying back in the same coin, India is now no longer
reticent in entering the belligerent waters of the SCS. Upgrading defence ties
with ASEAN countries like Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines,
India is now strengthening engagement with joint drills, port calls and
workshops.
As a part of Operational Deployment to the South China Sea,
three Indian Navy ships- INS Delhi, a guided missile destroyer armed with
Module Launcher for BrahMos missile; INS Shakti, a Deepak-class fleet Tanker;
INS Kiltan, a Kamorta class anti-submarine warfare corvette built by the GRSE,
visited the region reaffirming India’s commitment to maritime stability and
security. The deployment almost escaped the notice of the Chinese authorities
engrossed in carrying out “punishment drills” in the Taiwan Straits, which is a
subtle message to China about the importance of adhering to international
norms.
Boasting of largest navy, even surpassing the US while China
is consumed by bullying smaller neighbours, the humble Indian Navy’s
unflinching resolve with 150 ships and submarines to safeguard the maritime
interests of the region is truly phenomenal. India’s overarching principle of
providing security and thwarting maritime threats is widely appreciated by the Indo-Pacific
littorals.
Not intended to provoke, the deployment, an attempt to reach
out to Southeast Asian nations would buttress India’s role as a reliable
security provider. With China at loggerheads with the South China Sea
neighbours through its “grey zone tactics”, India’s commitment to coordinated
action to maintain peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region is discreetly
evident.
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